1
linux/Documentation/translations/zh_CN/admin-guide
Linus Torvalds 617a814f14 ALong with the usual shower of singleton patches, notable patch series in
this pull request are:
 
 "Align kvrealloc() with krealloc()" from Danilo Krummrich.  Adds
 consistency to the APIs and behaviour of these two core allocation
 functions.  This also simplifies/enables Rustification.
 
 "Some cleanups for shmem" from Baolin Wang.  No functional changes - mode
 code reuse, better function naming, logic simplifications.
 
 "mm: some small page fault cleanups" from Josef Bacik.  No functional
 changes - code cleanups only.
 
 "Various memory tiering fixes" from Zi Yan.  A small fix and a little
 cleanup.
 
 "mm/swap: remove boilerplate" from Yu Zhao.  Code cleanups and
 simplifications and .text shrinkage.
 
 "Kernel stack usage histogram" from Pasha Tatashin and Shakeel Butt.  This
 is a feature, it adds new feilds to /proc/vmstat such as
 
     $ grep kstack /proc/vmstat
     kstack_1k 3
     kstack_2k 188
     kstack_4k 11391
     kstack_8k 243
     kstack_16k 0
 
 which tells us that 11391 processes used 4k of stack while none at all
 used 16k.  Useful for some system tuning things, but partivularly useful
 for "the dynamic kernel stack project".
 
 "kmemleak: support for percpu memory leak detect" from Pavel Tikhomirov.
 Teaches kmemleak to detect leaksage of percpu memory.
 
 "mm: memcg: page counters optimizations" from Roman Gushchin.  "3
 independent small optimizations of page counters".
 
 "mm: split PTE/PMD PT table Kconfig cleanups+clarifications" from David
 Hildenbrand.  Improves PTE/PMD splitlock detection, makes powerpc/8xx work
 correctly by design rather than by accident.
 
 "mm: remove arch_make_page_accessible()" from David Hildenbrand.  Some
 folio conversions which make arch_make_page_accessible() unneeded.
 
 "mm, memcg: cg2 memory{.swap,}.peak write handlers" fro David Finkel.
 Cleans up and fixes our handling of the resetting of the cgroup/process
 peak-memory-use detector.
 
 "Make core VMA operations internal and testable" from Lorenzo Stoakes.
 Rationalizaion and encapsulation of the VMA manipulation APIs.  With a
 view to better enable testing of the VMA functions, even from a
 userspace-only harness.
 
 "mm: zswap: fixes for global shrinker" from Takero Funaki.  Fix issues in
 the zswap global shrinker, resulting in improved performance.
 
 "mm: print the promo watermark in zoneinfo" from Kaiyang Zhao.  Fill in
 some missing info in /proc/zoneinfo.
 
 "mm: replace follow_page() by folio_walk" from David Hildenbrand.  Code
 cleanups and rationalizations (conversion to folio_walk()) resulting in
 the removal of follow_page().
 
 "improving dynamic zswap shrinker protection scheme" from Nhat Pham.  Some
 tuning to improve zswap's dynamic shrinker.  Significant reductions in
 swapin and improvements in performance are shown.
 
 "mm: Fix several issues with unaccepted memory" from Kirill Shutemov.
 Improvements to the new unaccepted memory feature,
 
 "mm/mprotect: Fix dax puds" from Peter Xu.  Implements mprotect on DAX
 PUDs.  This was missing, although nobody seems to have notied yet.
 
 "Introduce a store type enum for the Maple tree" from Sidhartha Kumar.
 Cleanups and modest performance improvements for the maple tree library
 code.
 
 "memcg: further decouple v1 code from v2" from Shakeel Butt.  Move more
 cgroup v1 remnants away from the v2 memcg code.
 
 "memcg: initiate deprecation of v1 features" from Shakeel Butt.  Adds
 various warnings telling users that memcg v1 features are deprecated.
 
 "mm: swap: mTHP swap allocator base on swap cluster order" from Chris Li.
 Greatly improves the success rate of the mTHP swap allocation.
 
 "mm: introduce numa_memblks" from Mike Rapoport.  Moves various disparate
 per-arch implementations of numa_memblk code into generic code.
 
 "mm: batch free swaps for zap_pte_range()" from Barry Song.  Greatly
 improves the performance of munmap() of swap-filled ptes.
 
 "support large folio swap-out and swap-in for shmem" from Baolin Wang.
 With this series we no longer split shmem large folios into simgle-page
 folios when swapping out shmem.
 
 "mm/hugetlb: alloc/free gigantic folios" from Yu Zhao.  Nice performance
 improvements and code reductions for gigantic folios.
 
 "support shmem mTHP collapse" from Baolin Wang.  Adds support for
 khugepaged's collapsing of shmem mTHP folios.
 
 "mm: Optimize mseal checks" from Pedro Falcato.  Fixes an mprotect()
 performance regression due to the addition of mseal().
 
 "Increase the number of bits available in page_type" from Matthew Wilcox.
 Increases the number of bits available in page_type!
 
 "Simplify the page flags a little" from Matthew Wilcox.  Many legacy page
 flags are now folio flags, so the page-based flags and their
 accessors/mutators can be removed.
 
 "mm: store zero pages to be swapped out in a bitmap" from Usama Arif.  An
 optimization which permits us to avoid writing/reading zero-filled zswap
 pages to backing store.
 
 "Avoid MAP_FIXED gap exposure" from Liam Howlett.  Fixes a race window
 which occurs when a MAP_FIXED operqtion is occurring during an unrelated
 vma tree walk.
 
 "mm: remove vma_merge()" from Lorenzo Stoakes.  Major rotorooting of the
 vma_merge() functionality, making ot cleaner, more testable and better
 tested.
 
 "misc fixups for DAMON {self,kunit} tests" from SeongJae Park.  Minor
 fixups of DAMON selftests and kunit tests.
 
 "mm: memory_hotplug: improve do_migrate_range()" from Kefeng Wang.  Code
 cleanups and folio conversions.
 
 "Shmem mTHP controls and stats improvements" from Ryan Roberts.  Cleanups
 for shmem controls and stats.
 
 "mm: count the number of anonymous THPs per size" from Barry Song.  Expose
 additional anon THP stats to userspace for improved tuning.
 
 "mm: finish isolate/putback_lru_page()" from Kefeng Wang: more folio
 conversions and removal of now-unused page-based APIs.
 
 "replace per-quota region priorities histogram buffer with per-context
 one" from SeongJae Park.  DAMON histogram rationalization.
 
 "Docs/damon: update GitHub repo URLs and maintainer-profile" from SeongJae
 Park.  DAMON documentation updates.
 
 "mm/vdpa: correct misuse of non-direct-reclaim __GFP_NOFAIL and improve
 related doc and warn" from Jason Wang: fixes usage of page allocator
 __GFP_NOFAIL and GFP_ATOMIC flags.
 
 "mm: split underused THPs" from Yu Zhao.  Improve THP=always policy - this
 was overprovisioning THPs in sparsely accessed memory areas.
 
 "zram: introduce custom comp backends API" frm Sergey Senozhatsky.  Add
 support for zram run-time compression algorithm tuning.
 
 "mm: Care about shadow stack guard gap when getting an unmapped area" from
 Mark Brown.  Fix up the various arch_get_unmapped_area() implementations
 to better respect guard areas.
 
 "Improve mem_cgroup_iter()" from Kinsey Ho.  Improve the reliability of
 mem_cgroup_iter() and various code cleanups.
 
 "mm: Support huge pfnmaps" from Peter Xu.  Extends the usage of huge
 pfnmap support.
 
 "resource: Fix region_intersects() vs add_memory_driver_managed()" from
 Huang Ying.  Fix a bug in region_intersects() for systems with CXL memory.
 
 "mm: hwpoison: two more poison recovery" from Kefeng Wang.  Teaches a
 couple more code paths to correctly recover from the encountering of
 poisoned memry.
 
 "mm: enable large folios swap-in support" from Barry Song.  Support the
 swapin of mTHP memory into appropriately-sized folios, rather than into
 single-page folios.
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Merge tag 'mm-stable-2024-09-20-02-31' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm

Pull MM updates from Andrew Morton:
 "Along with the usual shower of singleton patches, notable patch series
  in this pull request are:

   - "Align kvrealloc() with krealloc()" from Danilo Krummrich. Adds
     consistency to the APIs and behaviour of these two core allocation
     functions. This also simplifies/enables Rustification.

   - "Some cleanups for shmem" from Baolin Wang. No functional changes -
     mode code reuse, better function naming, logic simplifications.

   - "mm: some small page fault cleanups" from Josef Bacik. No
     functional changes - code cleanups only.

   - "Various memory tiering fixes" from Zi Yan. A small fix and a
     little cleanup.

   - "mm/swap: remove boilerplate" from Yu Zhao. Code cleanups and
     simplifications and .text shrinkage.

   - "Kernel stack usage histogram" from Pasha Tatashin and Shakeel
     Butt. This is a feature, it adds new feilds to /proc/vmstat such as

       $ grep kstack /proc/vmstat
       kstack_1k 3
       kstack_2k 188
       kstack_4k 11391
       kstack_8k 243
       kstack_16k 0

     which tells us that 11391 processes used 4k of stack while none at
     all used 16k. Useful for some system tuning things, but
     partivularly useful for "the dynamic kernel stack project".

   - "kmemleak: support for percpu memory leak detect" from Pavel
     Tikhomirov. Teaches kmemleak to detect leaksage of percpu memory.

   - "mm: memcg: page counters optimizations" from Roman Gushchin. "3
     independent small optimizations of page counters".

   - "mm: split PTE/PMD PT table Kconfig cleanups+clarifications" from
     David Hildenbrand. Improves PTE/PMD splitlock detection, makes
     powerpc/8xx work correctly by design rather than by accident.

   - "mm: remove arch_make_page_accessible()" from David Hildenbrand.
     Some folio conversions which make arch_make_page_accessible()
     unneeded.

   - "mm, memcg: cg2 memory{.swap,}.peak write handlers" fro David
     Finkel. Cleans up and fixes our handling of the resetting of the
     cgroup/process peak-memory-use detector.

   - "Make core VMA operations internal and testable" from Lorenzo
     Stoakes. Rationalizaion and encapsulation of the VMA manipulation
     APIs. With a view to better enable testing of the VMA functions,
     even from a userspace-only harness.

   - "mm: zswap: fixes for global shrinker" from Takero Funaki. Fix
     issues in the zswap global shrinker, resulting in improved
     performance.

   - "mm: print the promo watermark in zoneinfo" from Kaiyang Zhao. Fill
     in some missing info in /proc/zoneinfo.

   - "mm: replace follow_page() by folio_walk" from David Hildenbrand.
     Code cleanups and rationalizations (conversion to folio_walk())
     resulting in the removal of follow_page().

   - "improving dynamic zswap shrinker protection scheme" from Nhat
     Pham. Some tuning to improve zswap's dynamic shrinker. Significant
     reductions in swapin and improvements in performance are shown.

   - "mm: Fix several issues with unaccepted memory" from Kirill
     Shutemov. Improvements to the new unaccepted memory feature,

   - "mm/mprotect: Fix dax puds" from Peter Xu. Implements mprotect on
     DAX PUDs. This was missing, although nobody seems to have notied
     yet.

   - "Introduce a store type enum for the Maple tree" from Sidhartha
     Kumar. Cleanups and modest performance improvements for the maple
     tree library code.

   - "memcg: further decouple v1 code from v2" from Shakeel Butt. Move
     more cgroup v1 remnants away from the v2 memcg code.

   - "memcg: initiate deprecation of v1 features" from Shakeel Butt.
     Adds various warnings telling users that memcg v1 features are
     deprecated.

   - "mm: swap: mTHP swap allocator base on swap cluster order" from
     Chris Li. Greatly improves the success rate of the mTHP swap
     allocation.

   - "mm: introduce numa_memblks" from Mike Rapoport. Moves various
     disparate per-arch implementations of numa_memblk code into generic
     code.

   - "mm: batch free swaps for zap_pte_range()" from Barry Song. Greatly
     improves the performance of munmap() of swap-filled ptes.

   - "support large folio swap-out and swap-in for shmem" from Baolin
     Wang. With this series we no longer split shmem large folios into
     simgle-page folios when swapping out shmem.

   - "mm/hugetlb: alloc/free gigantic folios" from Yu Zhao. Nice
     performance improvements and code reductions for gigantic folios.

   - "support shmem mTHP collapse" from Baolin Wang. Adds support for
     khugepaged's collapsing of shmem mTHP folios.

   - "mm: Optimize mseal checks" from Pedro Falcato. Fixes an mprotect()
     performance regression due to the addition of mseal().

   - "Increase the number of bits available in page_type" from Matthew
     Wilcox. Increases the number of bits available in page_type!

   - "Simplify the page flags a little" from Matthew Wilcox. Many legacy
     page flags are now folio flags, so the page-based flags and their
     accessors/mutators can be removed.

   - "mm: store zero pages to be swapped out in a bitmap" from Usama
     Arif. An optimization which permits us to avoid writing/reading
     zero-filled zswap pages to backing store.

   - "Avoid MAP_FIXED gap exposure" from Liam Howlett. Fixes a race
     window which occurs when a MAP_FIXED operqtion is occurring during
     an unrelated vma tree walk.

   - "mm: remove vma_merge()" from Lorenzo Stoakes. Major rotorooting of
     the vma_merge() functionality, making ot cleaner, more testable and
     better tested.

   - "misc fixups for DAMON {self,kunit} tests" from SeongJae Park.
     Minor fixups of DAMON selftests and kunit tests.

   - "mm: memory_hotplug: improve do_migrate_range()" from Kefeng Wang.
     Code cleanups and folio conversions.

   - "Shmem mTHP controls and stats improvements" from Ryan Roberts.
     Cleanups for shmem controls and stats.

   - "mm: count the number of anonymous THPs per size" from Barry Song.
     Expose additional anon THP stats to userspace for improved tuning.

   - "mm: finish isolate/putback_lru_page()" from Kefeng Wang: more
     folio conversions and removal of now-unused page-based APIs.

   - "replace per-quota region priorities histogram buffer with
     per-context one" from SeongJae Park. DAMON histogram
     rationalization.

   - "Docs/damon: update GitHub repo URLs and maintainer-profile" from
     SeongJae Park. DAMON documentation updates.

   - "mm/vdpa: correct misuse of non-direct-reclaim __GFP_NOFAIL and
     improve related doc and warn" from Jason Wang: fixes usage of page
     allocator __GFP_NOFAIL and GFP_ATOMIC flags.

   - "mm: split underused THPs" from Yu Zhao. Improve THP=always policy.
     This was overprovisioning THPs in sparsely accessed memory areas.

   - "zram: introduce custom comp backends API" frm Sergey Senozhatsky.
     Add support for zram run-time compression algorithm tuning.

   - "mm: Care about shadow stack guard gap when getting an unmapped
     area" from Mark Brown. Fix up the various arch_get_unmapped_area()
     implementations to better respect guard areas.

   - "Improve mem_cgroup_iter()" from Kinsey Ho. Improve the reliability
     of mem_cgroup_iter() and various code cleanups.

   - "mm: Support huge pfnmaps" from Peter Xu. Extends the usage of huge
     pfnmap support.

   - "resource: Fix region_intersects() vs add_memory_driver_managed()"
     from Huang Ying. Fix a bug in region_intersects() for systems with
     CXL memory.

   - "mm: hwpoison: two more poison recovery" from Kefeng Wang. Teaches
     a couple more code paths to correctly recover from the encountering
     of poisoned memry.

   - "mm: enable large folios swap-in support" from Barry Song. Support
     the swapin of mTHP memory into appropriately-sized folios, rather
     than into single-page folios"

* tag 'mm-stable-2024-09-20-02-31' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm: (416 commits)
  zram: free secondary algorithms names
  uprobes: turn xol_area->pages[2] into xol_area->page
  uprobes: introduce the global struct vm_special_mapping xol_mapping
  Revert "uprobes: use vm_special_mapping close() functionality"
  mm: support large folios swap-in for sync io devices
  mm: add nr argument in mem_cgroup_swapin_uncharge_swap() helper to support large folios
  mm: fix swap_read_folio_zeromap() for large folios with partial zeromap
  mm/debug_vm_pgtable: Use pxdp_get() for accessing page table entries
  set_memory: add __must_check to generic stubs
  mm/vma: return the exact errno in vms_gather_munmap_vmas()
  memcg: cleanup with !CONFIG_MEMCG_V1
  mm/show_mem.c: report alloc tags in human readable units
  mm: support poison recovery from copy_present_page()
  mm: support poison recovery from do_cow_fault()
  resource, kunit: add test case for region_intersects()
  resource: make alloc_free_mem_region() works for iomem_resource
  mm: z3fold: deprecate CONFIG_Z3FOLD
  vfio/pci: implement huge_fault support
  mm/arm64: support large pfn mappings
  mm/x86: support large pfn mappings
  ...
2024-09-21 07:29:05 -07:00
..
mm Docs/damon: use damonitor GitHub organization instead of awslabs 2024-09-09 16:39:00 -07:00
bootconfig.rst
bug-bisect.rst
bug-hunting.rst
clearing-warn-once.rst
cpu-load.rst
cputopology.rst
index.rst docs/zh_CN: update the translation of security-bugs 2024-09-05 14:40:29 -06:00
init.rst
lockup-watchdogs.rst
numastat.rst zh_CN/admin-guide: one typo fix 2024-07-09 09:12:20 -06:00
README.rst
reporting-issues.rst docs/zh_CN: update the translation of security-bugs 2024-09-05 14:40:29 -06:00
reporting-regressions.rst
sysrq.rst
tainted-kernels.rst
unicode.rst

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.. include:: ../disclaimer-zh_CN.rst

:Original: Documentation/admin-guide/README.rst

:译者:

 吴想成 Wu XiangCheng <bobwxc@email.cn>

Linux内核6.x版本 <http://kernel.org/>
=========================================

以下是Linux版本6的发行注记。仔细阅读它们
它们会告诉你这些都是什么,解释如何安装内核,以及遇到问题时该如何做。

什么是Linux
---------------

  Linux是Unix操作系统的克隆版本由Linus Torvalds在一个松散的网络黑客
  Hacker无贬义团队的帮助下从头开始编写。它旨在实现兼容POSIX和
  单一UNIX规范。

  它具有在现代成熟的Unix中应当具有的所有功能包括真正的多任务处理、虚拟内存、
  共享库、按需加载、共享的写时拷贝COW可执行文件、恰当的内存管理以及包括
  IPv4和IPv6在内的复合网络栈。

  Linux在GNU通用公共许可证版本2GNU GPLv2下分发详见随附的COPYING文件。

它能在什么样的硬件上运行?
-----------------------------

  虽然Linux最初是为32位的x86 PC机386或更高版本开发的但今天它也能运行在
  至少Compaq Alpha AXP、Sun SPARC与UltraSPARC、Motorola 68000、PowerPC、
  PowerPC64、ARM、Hitachi SuperH、Cell、IBM S/390、MIPS、HP PA-RISC、Intel 
  IA-64、DEC VAX、AMD x86-64 Xtensa和ARC架构上。

  Linux很容易移植到大多数通用的32位或64位体系架构只要它们有一个分页内存管理
  单元PMMU和一个移植的GNU C编译器gccGNU Compiler CollectionGCC的一
  部分。Linux也被移植到许多没有PMMU的体系架构中尽管功能显然受到了一定的
  限制。
  Linux也被移植到了其自己上。现在可以将内核作为用户空间应用程序运行——这被
  称为用户模式LinuxUML。

文档
-----
因特网上和书籍上都有大量的电子文档既有Linux专属文档也有与一般UNIX问题相关
的文档。我建议在任何Linux FTP站点上查找LDPLinux文档项目书籍的文档子目录。
本自述文件并不是关于系统的文档:有更好的可用资源。

 - 因特网上和书籍上都有大量的电子文档既有Linux专属文档也有与普通
   UNIX问题相关的文档。我建议在任何有LDPLinux文档项目书籍的Linux FTP
   站点上查找文档子目录。本自述文件并不是关于系统的文档:有更好的可用资源。

 - 文档/子目录中有各种自述文件:例如,这些文件通常包含一些特定驱动程序的
   内核安装说明。请阅读
   :ref:`Documentation/process/changes.rst <changes>` 文件,它包含了升级内核
   可能会导致的问题的相关信息。

安装内核源代码
---------------

 - 如果您要安装完整的源代码请把内核tar档案包放在您有权限的目录中例如您
   的主目录)并将其解包::

     xz -cd linux-6.x.tar.xz | tar xvf -

   将“X”替换成最新内核的版本号。

   【不要】使用 /usr/src/linux 目录!这里有一组库头文件使用的内核头文件
   (通常是不完整的)。它们应该与库匹配,而不是被内核的变化搞得一团糟。

 - 您还可以通过打补丁在6.x版本之间升级。补丁以xz格式分发。要通过打补丁进行
   安装请获取所有较新的补丁文件进入内核源代码linux-6.x的目录并
   执行::

     xz -cd ../patch-6.x.xz | patch -p1

   请【按顺序】替换所有大于当前源代码树版本的“x”这样就可以了。您可能想要
   删除备份文件文件名类似xxx~ 或 xxx.orig),并确保没有失败的补丁(文件名
   类似xxx# 或 xxx.rej。如果有不是你就是我犯了错误。

   与6.x内核的补丁不同6.x.y内核也称为稳定版内核的补丁不是增量的而是
   直接应用于基本的6.x内核。例如如果您的基本内核是6.0并且希望应用6.0.3
   补丁则不应先应用6.0.1和6.0.2的补丁。类似地如果您运行的是6.0.2内核,
   并且希望跳转到6.0.3那么在应用6.0.3补丁之前必须首先撤销6.0.2补丁
   即patch -R。更多关于这方面的内容请阅读
   :ref:`Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst <applying_patches>` 。

   或者,脚本 patch-kernel 可以用来自动化这个过程。它能确定当前内核版本并
   应用找到的所有补丁::

     linux/scripts/patch-kernel linux

   上面命令中的第一个参数是内核源代码的位置。补丁是在当前目录应用的,但是
   可以将另一个目录指定为第二个参数。

 - 确保没有过时的 .o 文件和依赖项::

     cd linux
     make mrproper

   现在您应该已经正确安装了源代码。

软件要求
---------

   编译和运行6.x内核需要各种软件包的最新版本。请参考
   :ref:`Documentation/process/changes.rst <changes>`
   来了解最低版本要求以及如何升级软件包。请注意,使用过旧版本的这些包可能会
   导致很难追踪的间接错误,因此不要以为在生成或操作过程中出现明显问题时可以
   只更新包。

为内核建立目录
---------------

   编译内核时,默认情况下所有输出文件都将与内核源代码放在一起。使用
   ``make O=output/dir`` 选项可以为输出文件(包括 .config指定备用位置。
   例如::

     kernel source code: /usr/src/linux-6.x
     build directory:    /home/name/build/kernel

   要配置和构建内核,请使用::

     cd /usr/src/linux-6.x
     make O=/home/name/build/kernel menuconfig
     make O=/home/name/build/kernel
     sudo make O=/home/name/build/kernel modules_install install

   请注意:如果使用了 ``O=output/dir`` 选项那么它必须用于make的所有调用。

配置内核
---------

   即使只升级一个小版本,也不要跳过此步骤。每个版本中都会添加新的配置选项,
   如果配置文件没有按预定设置,就会出现奇怪的问题。如果您想以最少的工作量
   将现有配置升级到新版本,请使用 ``make oldconfig`` ,它只会询问您新配置
   选项的答案。

 - 其他配置命令包括::

     "make config"      纯文本界面。

     "make menuconfig"  基于文本的彩色菜单、选项列表和对话框。

     "make nconfig"     增强的基于文本的彩色菜单。

     "make xconfig"     基于Qt的配置工具。

     "make gconfig"     基于GTK+的配置工具。

     "make oldconfig"   基于现有的 ./.config 文件选择所有选项,并询问
                        新配置选项。

     "make olddefconfig"
                        类似上一个,但不询问直接将新选项设置为默认值。

     "make defconfig"   根据体系架构使用arch/$arch/defconfig或
                        arch/$arch/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig中的
                        默认选项值创建./.config文件。

     "make ${PLATFORM}_defconfig"
                        使用arch/$arch/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig中
                        的默认选项值创建一个./.config文件。
                        用“make help”来获取您体系架构中所有可用平台的列表。

     "make allyesconfig"
                        通过尽可能将选项值设置为“y”创建一个
                        ./.config文件。

     "make allmodconfig"
                        通过尽可能将选项值设置为“m”创建一个
                        ./.config文件。

     "make allnoconfig" 通过尽可能将选项值设置为“n”创建一个
                        ./.config文件。

     "make randconfig"  通过随机设置选项值来创建./.config文件。

     "make localmodconfig" 基于当前配置和加载的模块lsmod创建配置。禁用
                           已加载的模块不需要的任何模块选项。

                           要为另一台计算机创建localmodconfig请将该计算机
                           的lsmod存储到一个文件中并将其作为lsmod参数传入。

                           此外通过在参数LMC_KEEP中指定模块的路径可以将
                           模块保留在某些文件夹或kconfig文件中。

                   target$ lsmod > /tmp/mylsmod
                   target$ scp /tmp/mylsmod host:/tmp

                   host$ make LSMOD=/tmp/mylsmod \
                           LMC_KEEP="drivers/usb:drivers/gpu:fs" \
                           localmodconfig

                           上述方法在交叉编译时也适用。

     "make localyesconfig" 与localmodconfig类似只是它会将所有模块选项转换
                           为内置(=y。你可以同时通过LMC_KEEP保留模块。

     "make kvm_guest.config"
                        为kvm客户机内核支持启用其他选项。

     "make xen.config"  为xen dom0客户机内核支持启用其他选项。

     "make tinyconfig"  配置尽可能小的内核。

   更多关于使用Linux内核配置工具的信息见文档
   Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.rst。

 - ``make config`` 注意事项:

    - 包含不必要的驱动程序会使内核变大,并且在某些情况下会导致问题:
      探测不存在的控制器卡可能会混淆其他控制器。

    - 如果存在协处理器,则编译了数学仿真的内核仍将使用协处理器:在
      这种情况下,数学仿真永远不会被使用。内核会稍微大一点,但不管
      是否有数学协处理器,都可以在不同的机器上工作。

    - “kernel hacking”配置细节通常会导致更大或更慢的内核或两者
      兼而有之),甚至可以通过配置一些例程来主动尝试破坏坏代码以发现
      内核问题从而降低内核的稳定性kmalloc())。因此,您可能应该
      用于研究“开发”、“实验”或“调试”特性相关问题。

编译内核
---------

 - 确保您至少有gcc 5.1可用。
   有关更多信息,请参阅 :ref:`Documentation/process/changes.rst <changes>` 。

 - 执行 ``make`` 来创建压缩内核映像。如果您安装了lilo以适配内核makefile
   那么也可以进行 ``make install`` 但是您可能需要先检查特定的lilo设置。

   实际安装必须以root身份执行但任何正常构建都不需要。
   无须徒然使用root身份。

 - 如果您将内核的任何部分配置为模块,那么还必须执行 ``make modules_install`` 。

 - 详细的内核编译/生成输出:

   通常,内核构建系统在相当安静的模式下运行(但不是完全安静)。但是有时您或
   其他内核开发人员需要看到编译、链接或其他命令的执行过程。为此,可使用
   “verbose详细”构建模式。
   向 ``make`` 命令传递 ``V=1`` 来实现,例如::

     make V=1 all

   如需构建系统也给出内个目标重建的愿意,请使用 ``V=2`` 。默认为 ``V=0`` 。

 - 准备一个备份内核以防出错。对于开发版本尤其如此,因为每个新版本都包含
   尚未调试的新代码。也要确保保留与该内核对应的模块的备份。如果要安装
   与工作内核版本号相同的新内核,请在进行 ``make modules_install`` 安装
   之前备份modules目录。

   或者在编译之前使用内核配置选项“LOCALVERSION”向常规内核版本附加
   一个唯一的后缀。LOCALVERSION可以在“General Setup”菜单中设置。

 - 为了引导新内核,您需要将内核映像(例如编译后的
   .../linux/arch/x86/boot/bzImage复制到常规可引导内核的位置。

 - 不再支持在没有LILO等启动装载程序帮助的情况下直接从软盘引导内核。

   如果从硬盘引导Linux很可能使用LILO它使用/etc/lilo.conf文件中
   指定的内核映像文件。内核映像文件通常是/vmlinuz、/boot/vmlinuz、
   /bzImage或/boot/bzImage。使用新内核前请保存旧映像的副本并复制
   新映像覆盖旧映像。然后您【必须重新运行LILO】来更新加载映射否则
   将无法启动新的内核映像。

   重新安装LILO通常需要运行/sbin/LILO。您可能希望编辑/etc/lilo.conf
   文件为旧内核映像指定一个条目(例如/vmlinux.old)防止新的不能正常
   工作。有关更多信息请参阅LILO文档。

   重新安装LILO之后您应该就已经准备好了。关闭系统重新启动尽情
   享受吧!

   如果需要更改内核映像中的默认根设备、视频模式等,请在适当的地方使用
   启动装载程序的引导选项。无需重新编译内核即可更改这些参数。

 - 使用新内核重新启动并享受它吧。

若遇到问题
-----------

如果您发现了一些可能由于内核缺陷所导致的问题,请参阅:
Documentation/translations/zh_CN/admin-guide/reporting-issues.rst 。

想要理解内核错误报告,请参阅:
Documentation/translations/zh_CN/admin-guide/bug-hunting.rst 。

更多用GDB调试内核的信息请参阅
Documentation/translations/zh_CN/dev-tools/gdb-kernel-debugging.rst
和 Documentation/dev-tools/kgdb.rst 。