During platform setup, save off the primary/secondary paging space
pool IDs and the page size. Added accessors in hvcall.h for these
variables. This is needed for a subsequent fix.
Submitted-by: Robert Jennings <rcj@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
A small bogon sneaked into the ppc64 lockdep support. A test is
branching slightly off causing a clobbered register value to
overwrite the irq state under some circumstances.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The intent of "flush_tlbs" is to invalidate all TLB entries by doing a
TLB invalidate instruction for all pages in the address range 0 to
0x00400000. A loop counter is set up at the high value and
decremented by page size. However, the loop is only done once as the
sense of the conditional branch at the loop end does not match the
setup/decrement. This fixes it to do the whole range by correcting
the branch condition.
Signed-off-by: Rocky Craig <rocky.craig@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
When we fork, init_new_context() improperly resets the vdso_base
of the new context to 0. That means that the new process loses
access to the vdso for signal trampolines.
The initialization should be unnecessary anyway as the context
on a fresh mm should be 0 in the first place and binfmt_elf
will initialize that value for a newly loaded process.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cooloney/blackfin-2.6: (33 commits)
Blackfin arch: hook up some missing new system calls
Blackfin arch: fix missing digit in SCLK range checking
Blackfin arch: do not muck with the UART during boot -- let the serial driver worry about it
Blackfin arch: clear EMAC_SYSTAT during IRQ init rather than early head.S as we dont need it setup that early
Blackfin arch: use %pF when printing out the double fault address so we get symbol names
Blackfin arch: add support for the BlackStamp board
Blackfin arch: Allow ins functions to have a low latency version
Blackfin arch: Print out doublefault addresses, so debug can occur
Blackfin arch: shuffle related prototypes together -- no functional changes
Blackfin arch: move fixed code defines into fixed_code.h as very few things actually need to know these details
Blackfin arch: mark some functions as __init as they are only called from __init functions
Blackfin arch: delete dead prototypes
Blackfin arch: cleanup cache lock code
Blackfin arch: workaround SIC_IWR1 reset bug, by keeping MDMA0/1 always enabled in SIC_IWR1.
Blackfin arch: Fix bug - when expanding the trace buffer, it does not print out the decoded instruction.
Blackfin arch: Fix Bug - System with EMAC driver enabled - Core not idling
Blackfin arch: delete unused cache functions
Blackfin arch: convert L2 defines to be the same as the L1 defines
Blackfin arch: unify the duplicated portions of __start and split mach-specific pieces into _mach_early_start where they will be easier to trim over time
Blackfin arch: add asm/thread_info.h for THREAD_SIZE define
...
* 'release-2.6.27' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ak/linux-acpi-2.6:
cpuidle: Make ladder governor honor latency requirements fully
cpuidle: Menu governor fix wrong usage of measured_us
cpuidle: Do not use poll_idle unless user asks for it
x86: Fix ioremap off by one BUG
ladder governor only honored latency requirement when promoting C-states.
Instead. it should check for latency requirement on each idle call,
and demote to appropriate C-state when there is a latency requirement change.
Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
There is a bug in menu governor where we have
if (data->elapsed_us < data->elapsed_us + measured_us)
with measured_us already having elapsed_us added in tickless case here
unsigned int measured_us =
cpuidle_get_last_residency(dev) + data->elapsed_us;
Also, it should be last_residency, not measured_us, that need to be used to
do comparing and distinguish between expected & non-expected events.
Refactor menu_reflect() to fix these two problems.
Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Wei Gang <gang.wei@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
poll_idle was added to CPUIDLE, just as a low latency idle handler, to be
used in cases when user desires CPUs not to enter any idle state at all. It
was supposed to be a run time idle=poll option to the user. But, it was indeed
getting used during normal menu and ladder governor default case, with no
special user setting (Reported by Linus Torvalds).
Change below ensures that poll_idle will not be used unless user explicitly
asks pm_qos infrastructure for zero latency requirement.
Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Not all AMD K8 have 6 VID pins, contrary to what was assumed in
commit 116d0486bd. This commit broke
support of older CPU models which have only 5 VID pins:
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11329
We need two entries in the hwmon-vid table, one for 5-bit VID models
(K8 revision <= E) and one for 6-bit VID models (K8 revision >= F).
This fixes bug #11329.
Signed-off-by: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
Acked-by: Frank Myhr <fmyhr@fhmtech.com>
Tested-by: Jean-Luc Coulon <jean.luc.coulon@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
as per this discussion:
http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/8/12/423
Pardo reported that 64-bit threaded apps, if their stacks exceed the
combined size of ~4GB, slow down drastically in pthread_create() - because
glibc uses MAP_32BIT to allocate the stacks. The use of MAP_32BIT is
a legacy hack - to speed up context switching on certain early model
64-bit P4 CPUs.
So introduce a new flag to be used by glibc instead, to not constrain
64-bit apps like this.
glibc can switch to this new flag straight away - it will be ignored
by the kernel. If those old CPUs ever matter to anyone, support for
it can be implemented.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Acked-by: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sfrench/cifs-2.6:
[CIFS] mount of IPC$ breaks with iget patch
[CIFS] remove trailing whitespace
[CIFS] if get root inode fails during mount, cleanup tree connection
This moves it to being a tty operation. That removes special cases and now
also means that resize can be picked up by um and other non vt consoles
which may have a resize operation.
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'linux-next' of git://git.infradead.org/~dedekind/ubifs-2.6: (29 commits)
UBIFS: xattr bugfixes
UBIFS: remove unneeded check
UBIFS: few commentary fixes
UBIFS: fix budgeting request alignment in xattr code
UBIFS: improve arguments checking in debugging messages
UBIFS: always set i_generation to 0
UBIFS: correct spelling of "thrice".
UBIFS: support splice_write
UBIFS: minor tweaks in commit
UBIFS: reserve more space for index
UBIFS: print pid in dump function
UBIFS: align inode data to eight
UBIFS: improve budgeting checks
UBIFS: correct orphan deletion order
UBIFS: fix typos in comments
UBIFS: do not union creat_sqnum and del_cmtno
UBIFS: optimize deletions
UBIFS: increment commit number earlier
UBIFS: remove another unneeded function parameter
UBIFS: remove unneeded function parameter
...
* 'for-linus' of git://neil.brown.name/md:
md: cancel check/repair requests when recovery is needed
Allow raid10 resync to happening in larger chunks.
Allow faulty devices to be removed from a readonly array.
Don't let a blocked_rdev interfere with read request in raid5/6
Fail safely when trying to grow an array with a write-intent bitmap.
Restore force switch of md array to readonly at reboot time.
Make writes to md/safe_mode_delay immediately effective.
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dtor/input:
Input: xilinx_ps2 - fix warning
Input: bcm5974 - implement autosuspend support
Input: bcm5974 - add driver for Macbook Air and Pro Penryn touchpads
Input: paper over a bug in Synaptics X driver
Input: evdev - split EVIOCGBIT handlig into a separate function
Input: i8042 - Add Dritek quirk for Acer TravelMate 4280
Input: xpad - add Pelican Eclipse D-Pad to the list of devices
Input: gpio-keys - make gpio_keys_device_driver static
Input: gpio-keys - fix possible NULL pointer dereference
Input: wm97xx - enable sub-drivers by default
* 'release-2.6.27' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ak/linux-acpi-2.6:
ACPI: Fix thermal shutdowns
ACPI: bounds check IRQ to prevent memory corruption
ACPI: Avoid bogus EC timeout when EC is in Polling mode
ACPI : Add the EC dmi table to fix the incorrect ECDT table
ACPI: Properly clear flags on false-positives and send uevent on sudden unplug
acpi: trivial cleanups
acer-wmi: Fix wireless and bluetooth on early AMW0 v2 laptops
ACPI: WMI: Set instance for query block calls
ACPICA: Additional error checking for pathname utilities
ACPICA: Fix possible memory leak in Unload() operator
ACPICA: Fix memory leak when deleting thermal/processor objects
Sam Ravnborg did the build-test that the direct header file move works,
I'm just committing it.
This is a pure move:
mkdir arch/alpha/include
git mv include/asm-alpha arch/alpha/include/asm
with no other changes.
Requested-and-tested-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Jean Delvare's machine triggered this BUG
acpi_os_map_memory phys ffff0000 size 65535
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at arch/x86/mm/pat.c:233!
with ACPI in the backtrace.
Adding some debugging output showed that ACPI calls
acpi_os_map_memory phys ffff0000 size 65535
And ioremap/PAT does this check in 32bit, so addr+size wraps and the BUG
in reserve_memtype() triggers incorrectly.
BUG_ON(start >= end); /* end is exclusive */
But reserve_memtype already uses u64:
int reserve_memtype(u64 start, u64 end,
so the 32bit truncation must happen in the caller. Presumably in ioremap
when it passes this information to reserve_memtype().
This patch does this computation in 64bit.
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11346
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
The latest revisions of the WM8990 provide a programmable gain amplifier
for the speaker - configure the register cache and implement controls
for this. Older revisions of the device ignore writes to these controls.
Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@opensource.wolfsonmicro.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
A fuzzed fileystem image failed with OMFS when the extent count was
used in a loop without being checked against the max number of extents.
It also provoked a signed division for an array index that was checked
as if unsigned, leading to index by -1.
omfsck will be updated to fix these cases, in the meantime bail out
gracefully.
Reported-by: Eric Sesterhenn <snakebyte@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Bob Copeland <me@bobcopeland.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
m68k fails to build with these functions inlined in completion.h. Move
them out of line into sched.c and export them to avoid this problem.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When reviewing a recent patch I noticed a potential trouble spot in the
registration of new SPI devices. The SPI master driver is told to set
the device up before adding it to the driver model, so that it's always
properly set up when probe() is called. (This is important, because in
the case of inverted chipselects, this device can make the bus misbehave
until it's properly deselected. It's got to be set up even if no driver
binds to the device.)
The trouble spot is that it doesn't first verify that no other device
has been added using that chipselect. If such a device has been added,
its configuration gets trashed. (Fortunately this has not been a common
error!)
The fix here adds an explicit check, and a mutex to protect the relevant
critical region.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: make the lock local to spi_add_device()]
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
write_cache_pages() uses i_mapping->writeback_index to pick up where it
left off the last time a given inode was found by pdflush or
balance_dirty_pages (or anyone else who sets wbc->range_cyclic)
alloc_inode() should set it to a sane value so that writeback doesn't
start in the middle of a file. It is somewhat difficult to notice the bug
since write_cache_pages will loop around to the start of the file and the
elevator helps hide the resulting seeks.
For whatever reason, Btrfs hits this often. Unpatched, untarring 30
copies of the linux kernel in series runs at 47MB/s on a single sata
drive. With this fix, it jumps to 62MB/s.
Signed-off-by: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add MAINTAINERS for GRU, XPNET, XPC and XP drivers.
Signed-off-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add in the CPUID for Nehalem chips.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Kent Liu <kent.liu@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, all sensors are read when the energy meter is queried via
sysfs. This introduces a considerable amount of delay and variation in
the sysfs reading, which is not desirable when trying to profile energy
use. Therefore, read only the energy meters when a sysfs query comes in
for them, and don't cache the results so that we always get the latest
reading.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On older machines, probing for a nonexistent AEM interface returned an
IPMI error; when we saw this, we'd stop probing. On the x3650 M2 and
(presumably) later, we are returned a value indicating success and a
buffer full of garbage or zeroes. This causes the probe function to run
in an infinite loop. To fix this, we add one last check--if the
interface number we're looking for is higher than the number of
interfaces that AEM claims to have, stop probing.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Minor documentation update to reflect the current full name of the power
management hardware interface and reflows the text a bit.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Previously the driver was only using DMI to prevent smbus probing on
non-Abit motherboards. However, since the manual probing method is
brittle and prone to failure on some Abit motherboards (esp. the Abit
IP35 Pro) it is better to use DMI to also read the board name and then
decide whether or not to probe the bus.
At the moment, we do not have a list of valid DMI name strings to use
for existing and supported motherboards. This patch only implements DMI
probing for the IP35 Pro. For motherboards that can not yet use DMI
probing, a warning will be printed to the kernel log asking those users
to email me their dmidecode output.
The existing manual probing mechanism will be used if CONFIG_DMI is not
enabled, if DMI probing fails (for DMI-unsupported motherboards), or if
DMI probing fails and the "force" option is set (for DMI-supported
motherboards). Ideally in the longer term this manual probing method
would be removed.
This patch should be safe to apply as it does not change the probing
behaviour for most of the supported motherboards, just the IP35 Pro,
which already has regressions filed against it in 2.6.26.
Addresses http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11212
Signed-off-by: Alistair John Strachan <alistair@devzero.co.uk>
Acked-by: Hans de Goede <j.w.r.degoede@hhs.nl>
Cc: "Mark M. Hoffman" <mhoffman@lightlink.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Hans passed maintainership of the abituguru3 hwmon driver onto me. Add
a new entry to the MAINTAINERS file for the abituguru3 driver and assign
it to me. Also update the existing UGURU entry to indicate that Hans is
only responsible for the abituguru driver.
Signed-off-by: Alistair John Strachan <alistair@devzero.co.uk>
Acked-by: Hans de Goede <j.w.r.degoede@hhs.nl>
Cc: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
Cc: "Mark M. Hoffman" <mhoffman@lightlink.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Export the sensor -> channel/dimm mapping in tempX_label.
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@us.ibm.com>
Cc: "Mark M. Hoffman" <mhoffman@lightlink.com>
Cc: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
SPI driver for analog to digital converters national semiconductor
ADC081S101, ADC124S501, ...
Code for 8 channels by Tobias Himmer.
This driver adds support for National Semiconductor ADC<bb><c>S<sss> chip
family, where:
* bb is the resolution in number of bits (8, 10, 12)
* c is the number of channels (1, 2, 4, 8)
* sss is the maximum conversion speed (021 for 200 kSPS, 051 for 500
kSPS and 101 for 1 MSPS)
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Marc Pignat <marc.pignat@hevs.ch>
Cc: Tobias Himmer <tobias@himmer-online.de>
Cc: "Mark M. Hoffman" <mhoffman@lightlink.com>
Cc: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
Cc: David Brownell <david-b@pacbell.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add support for Macbook v3 (sensors and accelerometer).
Signed-off-by: Nicolas Boichat <nicolas@boichat.ch>
Cc: "Mark M. Hoffman" <mhoffman@lightlink.com>
Cc: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This adds support for fans and temperature sensors on intel iMac.
Tested on iMac 24" 2.8ghz (iMac8,1), it supports the following sensors:
cpu A
ambient
gpu
gpu diode
gpu heatsink
hd bay 1
memory controller
optical drive
power
Signed-off-by: Roberto De Ioris <roberto@unbit.it>
Cc: Nicolas Boichat <nicolas@boichat.ch>
Cc: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
Cc: Mark M. Hoffman <mhoffman@lightlink.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
AOI position cannot be negative.
Signed-off-by: York Sun <yorksun@freescale.com>
Cc: Kumar Gala <galak@gate.crashing.org>
Cc: "Antonino A. Daplas" <adaplas@pol.net>
Cc: Krzysztof Helt <krzysztof.h1@poczta.fm>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Application can now have the virtual resoltuion and use FBIOPAN_DISPLAY
ioctl to pan.
Signed-off-by: York Sun <yorksun@freescale.com>
Cc: Kumar Gala <galak@gate.crashing.org>
Cc: "Antonino A. Daplas" <adaplas@pol.net>
Cc: Krzysztof Helt <krzysztof.h1@poczta.fm>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Ftrace depends on some processor state that we destroyed during kexec and
restored by restore_processor_state(). So save_processor_state() and
restore_processor_state() are moved into machine_kexec() and ftrace is
restored after restore_processor_state().
Signed-off-by: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add __ftrace_enabled_save/restore, used to disable ftrace for a while.
Now, this is used by kexec jump, which need a version without lock, for
general situation, a locked version should be used.
Signed-off-by: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Kexec/Kexec-jump require code size in control page is less than
PAGE_SIZE/2. This patch add link-time checking for this.
ASSERT() of ld link script is used as the link-time checking mechanism.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rename KEXEC_CONTROL_CODE_SIZE to KEXEC_CONTROL_PAGE_SIZE, because control
page is used for not only code on some platform. For example in kexec
jump, it is used for data and stack too.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: unbreak powerpc and arm, finish conversion]
Signed-off-by: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
