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263 lines
10 KiB
Groff
263 lines
10 KiB
Groff
XXD(1) XXD(1)
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NAME
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xxd - make a hexdump or do the reverse.
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SYNOPSIS
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xxd -h[elp]
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xxd [options] [infile [outfile]]
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xxd -r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]]
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DESCRIPTION
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xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. It can also
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convert a hex dump back to its original binary form. Like uuencode(1)
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and uudecode(1) it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail-
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safe' ASCII representation, but has the advantage of decoding to stan-
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dard output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patching.
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OPTIONS
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If no infile is given, standard input is read. If infile is specified
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as a `-' character, then input is taken from standard input. If no
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outfile is given (or a `-' character is in its place), results are sent
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to standard output.
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Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than
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the first option letter, unless the option is followed by a parameter.
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Spaces between a single option letter and its parameter are optional.
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Parameters to options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal
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notation. Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all equivalent.
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-a | -autoskip
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toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines. Default off.
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-b | -bits
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Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than hexdump. This
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option writes octets as eight digits "1"s and "0"s instead of a
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normal hexadecimal dump. Each line is preceded by a line number
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in hexadecimal and followed by an ascii (or ebcdic) representa-
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tion. The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not work with this
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mode.
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-c cols | -cols cols
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format <cols> octets per line. Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b:
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6). Max 256.
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-E | -EBCDIC
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Change the character encoding in the righthand column from ASCII
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to EBCDIC. This does not change the hexadecimal representation.
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The option is meaningless in combinations with -r, -p or -i.
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-g bytes | -groupsize bytes
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separate the output of every <bytes> bytes (two hex characters
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or eight bit-digits each) by a whitespace. Specify -g 0 to sup-
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press grouping. <Bytes> defaults to 2 in normal mode and 1 in
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bits mode. Grouping does not apply to postscript or include
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style.
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-h | -help
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print a summary of available commands and exit. No hex dumping
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is performed.
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-i | -include
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output in C include file style. A complete static array defini-
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tion is written (named after the input file), unless xxd reads
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from stdin.
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-l len | -len len
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stop after writing <len> octets.
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-p | -ps | -postscript | -plain
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output in postscript continuous hexdump style. Also known as
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plain hexdump style.
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-r | -revert
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reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into binary. If
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not writing to stdout, xxd writes into its output file without
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truncating it. Use the combination -r -p to read plain hexadeci-
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mal dumps without line number information and without a particu-
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lar column layout. Additional Whitespace and line-breaks are
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allowed anywhere.
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-seek offset
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When used after -r: revert with <offset> added to file positions
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found in hexdump.
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-s [+][-]seek
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start at <seek> bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset. + indicates
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that the seek is relative to the current stdin file position
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(meaningless when not reading from stdin). - indicates that the
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seek should be that many characters from the end of the input
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(or if combined with +: before the current stdin file position).
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Without -s option, xxd starts at the current file position.
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-u use upper case hex letters. Default is lower case.
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-v | -version
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show version string.
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CAVEATS
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xxd -r has some builtin magic while evaluating line number information.
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If the output file is seekable, then the linenumbers at the start of
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each hexdump line may be out of order, lines may be missing, or over-
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lapping. In these cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If the
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output file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which will be
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filled by null-bytes.
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xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently skipped.
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When editing hexdumps, please note that xxd -r skips everything on the
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input line after reading enough columns of hexadecimal data (see option
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-c). This also means, that changes to the printable ascii (or ebcdic)
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columns are always ignored. Reverting a plain (or postscript) style
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hexdump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct number of col-
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umns. Here anything that looks like a pair of hex-digits is inter-
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preted.
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Note the difference between
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% xxd -i file
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and
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% xxd -i < file
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xxd -s +seek may be different from xxd -s seek, as lseek(2) is used to
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"rewind" input. A '+' makes a difference if the input source is stdin,
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and if stdin's file position is not at the start of the file by the
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time xxd is started and given its input. The following examples may
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help to clarify (or further confuse!)...
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Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read
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to the end of stdin.
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% sh -c "cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy" < file
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Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The `+' sign
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means "relative to the current position", thus the `128' adds to the 1k
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where dd left off.
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% sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 > hex_snippet"
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< file
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Hexdump from file position 0x100 ( = 1024-768) on.
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% sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 > hex_snippet"
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< file
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However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed.
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The author prefers to monitor the effect of xxd with strace(1) or
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truss(1), whenever -s is used.
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EXAMPLES
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Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of file.
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% xxd -s 0x30 file
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Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of file.
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% xxd -s -0x30 file
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Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 20 octets per line.
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% xxd -l 120 -ps -c 20 xxd.1
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2e54482058584420312022417567757374203139
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39362220224d616e75616c207061676520666f72
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20787864220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d
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617920313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765
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20617574686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79
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204e7567656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567
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Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line.
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% xxd -l 120 -c 12 xxd.1
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0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 2241 .TH XXD 1 "A
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000000c: 7567 7573 7420 3139 3936 2220 ugust 1996"
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0000018: 224d 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 "Manual page
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0000024: 2066 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c for xxd"..\
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0000030: 220a 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d "..\" 21st M
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000003c: 6179 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 ay 1996..\"
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0000048: 4d61 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 Man page aut
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0000054: 686f 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 hor:..\"
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0000060: 546f 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 Tony Nugent
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000006c: 3c74 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 <tony@sctnug
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Display just the date from the file xxd.1
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% xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
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0000036: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 21st May 1996
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Copy input_file to output_file and prepend 100 bytes of value 0x00.
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% xxd input_file | xxd -r -s 100 > output_file
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Patch the date in the file xxd.1
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% echo "0000037: 3574 68" | xxd -r - xxd.1
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% xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
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0000036: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 25th May 1996
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Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for the last one
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which is 'A' (hex 0x41).
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% echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r > file
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Hexdump this file with autoskip.
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% xxd -a -c 12 file
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0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............
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*
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000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A
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Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character. The number
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after '-r -s' adds to the linenumbers found in the file; in effect, the
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leading bytes are suppressed.
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% echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r -s -0x10000 > file
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Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to hexdump a region
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marked between `a' and `z'.
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:'a,'z!xxd
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Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover a binary
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hexdump marked between `a' and `z'.
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:'a,'z!xxd -r
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Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover one line
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of a hexdump. Move the cursor over the line and type:
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!!xxd -r
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Read single characters from a serial line
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% xxd -c1 < /dev/term/b &
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% stty < /dev/term/b -echo -opost -isig -icanon min 1
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% echo -n foo > /dev/term/b
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RETURN VALUES
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The following error values are returned:
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0 no errors encountered.
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-1 operation not supported ( xxd -r -i still impossible).
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1 error while parsing options.
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2 problems with input file.
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3 problems with output file.
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4,5 desired seek position is unreachable.
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SEE ALSO
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uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1)
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WARNINGS
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The tools weirdness matches its creators brain. Use entirely at your
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own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a wizard.
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VERSION
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This manual page documents xxd version 1.7
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AUTHOR
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(c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert
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<jnweiger@informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
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Distribute freely and credit me,
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make money and share with me,
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lose money and don't ask me.
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Manual page started by Tony Nugent
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<tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
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Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. Edited by Juergen Weigert.
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Manual page for xxd August 1996 XXD(1)
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