mirror of
https://github.com/neovim/neovim.git
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cb58999007
This ameliorates use-cases like:
:!cat foo.txt
:make
where the user is interested in the last few lines of output.
Try these shell-based ex-commands before/after this commit:
:grep -r '' *
:make
:!yes
:!grep -r '' *
:!git grep ''
:!cat foo
:!echo foo
:!while true; do date; done
:!for i in `seq 1 20000`; do echo XXXXXXXXXX $i; done
In all cases the last few lines of the command should always be shown,
regardless of where throttling was triggered.
610 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
610 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
*various.txt* For Vim version 7.4. Last change: 2016 Mar 20
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VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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Various commands *various*
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1. Various commands |various-cmds|
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2. Using Vim like less or more |less|
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==============================================================================
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1. Various commands *various-cmds*
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*CTRL-L*
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CTRL-L Clear and redraw the screen. The redraw may happen
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later, after processing typeahead.
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*:redr* *:redraw*
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:redr[aw][!] Redraw the screen right now. When ! is included it is
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cleared first.
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Useful to update the screen halfway through executing
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a script or function (or a mapping if 'lazyredraw'
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set).
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*:redraws* *:redrawstatus*
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:redraws[tatus][!] Redraw the status line of the current window. When !
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is included all status lines are redrawn.
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Useful to update the status line(s) when 'statusline'
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includes an item that doesn't cause automatic
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updating.
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*N<Del>*
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<Del> When entering a number: Remove the last digit.
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Note: if you like to use <BS> for this, add this
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mapping to your vimrc: >
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:map CTRL-V <BS> CTRL-V <Del>
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<
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:as[cii] or *ga* *:as* *:ascii*
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ga Print the ascii value of the character under the
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cursor in decimal, hexadecimal and octal. For
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example, when the cursor is on a 'R':
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<R> 82, Hex 52, Octal 122 ~
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When the character is a non-standard ASCII character,
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but printable according to the 'isprint' option, the
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non-printable version is also given. When the
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character is larger than 127, the <M-x> form is also
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printed. For example:
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<~A> <M-^A> 129, Hex 81, Octal 201 ~
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<p> <|~> <M-~> 254, Hex fe, Octal 376 ~
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(where <p> is a special character)
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The <Nul> character in a file is stored internally as
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<NL>, but it will be shown as:
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<^@> 0, Hex 00, Octal 000 ~
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If the character has composing characters these are
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also shown. The value of 'maxcombine' doesn't matter.
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Mnemonic: Get ASCII value.
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*g8*
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g8 Print the hex values of the bytes used in the
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character under the cursor, assuming it is in |UTF-8|
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encoding. This also shows composing characters. The
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value of 'maxcombine' doesn't matter.
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Example of a character with two composing characters:
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e0 b8 81 + e0 b8 b9 + e0 b9 89 ~
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*8g8*
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8g8 Find an illegal UTF-8 byte sequence at or after the
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cursor. This works in two situations:
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1. when 'encoding' is any 8-bit encoding
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2. when 'encoding' is "utf-8" and 'fileencoding' is
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any 8-bit encoding
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Thus it can be used when editing a file that was
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supposed to be UTF-8 but was read as if it is an 8-bit
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encoding because it contains illegal bytes.
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Does not wrap around the end of the file.
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Note that when the cursor is on an illegal byte or the
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cursor is halfway through a multi-byte character the
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command won't move the cursor.
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*:p* *:pr* *:print* *E749*
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:[range]p[rint] [flags]
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Print [range] lines (default current line).
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Note: If you are looking for a way to print your text
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on paper see |:hardcopy|. In the GUI you can use the
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File.Print menu entry.
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See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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:[range]p[rint] {count} [flags]
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Print {count} lines, starting with [range] (default
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current line |cmdline-ranges|).
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See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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*:l* *:list*
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:[range]l[ist] [count] [flags]
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Same as :print, but display unprintable characters
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with '^' and put $ after the line. This can be
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further changed with the 'listchars' option.
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See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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*:nu* *:number*
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:[range]nu[mber] [count] [flags]
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Same as :print, but precede each line with its line
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number. (See also 'highlight' and 'numberwidth'
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option).
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See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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*:#*
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:[range]# [count] [flags]
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synonym for :number.
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*:#!*
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:#!{anything} Ignored, so that you can start a Vim script with: >
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#!vim -S
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echo "this is a Vim script"
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quit
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<
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*:z* *E144*
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:{range}z[+-^.=]{count} Display several lines of text surrounding the line
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specified with {range}, or around the current line
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if there is no {range}. If there is a {count}, that's
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how many lines you'll see; if there is only one window
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then twice the value of the 'scroll' option is used,
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otherwise the current window height minus 3 is used.
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If there is a {count} the 'window' option is set to
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its value.
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:z can be used either alone or followed by any of
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several punctuation marks. These have the following
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effect:
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mark first line last line new cursor line ~
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---- ---------- --------- ------------
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+ current line 1 scr forward 1 scr forward
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- 1 scr back current line current line
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^ 2 scr back 1 scr back 1 scr back
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. 1/2 scr back 1/2 scr fwd 1/2 scr fwd
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= 1/2 scr back 1/2 scr fwd current line
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Specifying no mark at all is the same as "+".
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If the mark is "=", a line of dashes is printed
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around the current line.
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:{range}z#[+-^.=]{count} *:z#*
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Like ":z", but number the lines.
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{not in all versions of Vi, not with these arguments}
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*:=*
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:= [flags] Print the last line number.
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See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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:{range}= [flags] Prints the last line number in {range}. For example,
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this prints the current line number: >
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:.=
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< See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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:norm[al][!] {commands} *:norm* *:normal*
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Execute Normal mode commands {commands}. This makes
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it possible to execute Normal mode commands typed on
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the command-line. {commands} are executed like they
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are typed. For undo all commands are undone together.
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Execution stops when an error is encountered.
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If the [!] is given, mappings will not be used.
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Without it, when this command is called from a
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non-remappable mapping (|:noremap|), the argument can
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be mapped anyway.
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{commands} should be a complete command. If
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{commands} does not finish a command, the last one
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will be aborted as if <Esc> or <C-C> was typed.
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This implies that an insert command must be completed
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(to start Insert mode, see |:startinsert|). A ":"
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command must be completed as well. And you can't use
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"Q" or "gQ" to start Ex mode.
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The display is not updated while ":normal" is busy.
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{commands} cannot start with a space. Put a count of
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1 (one) before it, "1 " is one space.
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The 'insertmode' option is ignored for {commands}.
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This command cannot be followed by another command,
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since any '|' is considered part of the command.
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This command can be used recursively, but the depth is
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limited by 'maxmapdepth'.
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An alternative is to use |:execute|, which uses an
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expression as argument. This allows the use of
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printable characters to represent special characters.
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Example: >
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:exe "normal \<c-w>\<c-w>"
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<
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:{range}norm[al][!] {commands} *:normal-range*
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Execute Normal mode commands {commands} for each line
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in the {range}. Before executing the {commands}, the
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cursor is positioned in the first column of the range,
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for each line. Otherwise it's the same as the
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":normal" command without a range.
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*:sh* *:shell* *E371* *E360*
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:sh[ell] Removed. |vim-differences| {Nvim}
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*:terminal* *:te*
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:te[rminal][!] {cmd} Spawns {cmd} using the current value of 'shell' and
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'shellcmdflag' in a new terminal buffer. This is
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equivalent to: >
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:enew
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:call termopen('{cmd}')
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:startinsert
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<
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If no {cmd} is given, 'shellcmdflag' will not be sent
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to |termopen()|.
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Like |:enew|, it will fail if the current buffer is
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modified, but can be forced with "!". See |termopen()|
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and |terminal-emulator|.
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To switch to terminal mode automatically:
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>
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autocmd BufEnter term://* startinsert
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<
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*:!cmd* *:!* *E34*
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:!{cmd} Execute {cmd} with 'shell'. See also |:terminal|.
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Any '!' in {cmd} is replaced with the previous
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external command (see also 'cpoptions'). But not when
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there is a backslash before the '!', then that
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backslash is removed. Example: ":!ls" followed by
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":!echo ! \! \\!" executes "echo ls ! \!".
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A '|' in {cmd} is passed to the shell, you cannot use
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it to append a Vim command. See |:bar|.
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If {cmd} contains "%" it is expanded to the current
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file name. Special characters are not escaped, use
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quotes to avoid their special meaning: >
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:!ls "%"
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< If the file name contains a "$" single quotes might
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work better (but a single quote causes trouble): >
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:!ls '%'
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< This should always work, but it's more typing: >
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:exe "!ls " . shellescape(expand("%"))
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<
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A newline character ends {cmd}, what follows is
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interpreted as a following ":" command. However, if
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there is a backslash before the newline it is removed
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and {cmd} continues. It doesn't matter how many
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backslashes are before the newline, only one is
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removed.
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The command runs in a non-interactive shell connected
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to a pipe (not a terminal). Use |:terminal| to run an
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interactive shell connected to a terminal.
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For Win32 also see |:!start|.
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After the command has been executed, the timestamp and
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size of the current file is checked |timestamp|.
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If the command produces too much output some lines may
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be skipped so the command can execute quickly. No
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data is lost, this only affects the display. The last
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few lines are always displayed (never skipped).
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Vim redraws the screen after the command is finished,
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because it may have printed any text. This requires a
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hit-enter prompt, so that you can read any messages.
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To avoid this use: >
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:silent !{cmd}
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< The screen is not redrawn then, thus you have to use
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CTRL-L or ":redraw!" if the command did display
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something.
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*:!!*
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:!! Repeat last ":!{cmd}".
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*:ve* *:version*
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:ve[rsion] Print the version number of the editor. The following
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lines contain information about which features were
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enabled when Vim was compiled. When there is a
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preceding '+', the feature is included, when there is
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a '-' it is excluded. To change this, you have to
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edit feature.h and recompile Vim. To check for this
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in an expression, see |has()|. Here is an overview of
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the features. The first column shows the smallest
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version in which they are included:
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T tiny
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S small
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N normal
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B big
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H huge
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m manually enabled or depends on other features
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(none) system dependent
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Thus if a feature is marked with "N", it is included
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in the normal, big and huge versions of Vim.
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*+feature-list*
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*+acl* |ACL| support included
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B *+arabic* |Arabic| language support
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N *+autocmd* |:autocmd|, automatic commands
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N *+browse* |:browse| command
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N *+byte_offset* support for 'o' flag in 'statusline' option, "go"
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and ":goto" commands.
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N *+cindent* |'cindent'|, C indenting
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N *+clientserver* Unix and Win32: Remote invocation |clientserver|
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*+clipboard* |clipboard| support
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N *+cmdline_compl* command line completion |cmdline-completion|
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N *+cmdline_hist* command line history |cmdline-history|
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N *+cmdline_info* |'showcmd'| and |'ruler'|
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N *+comments* |'comments'| support
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B *+conceal* "conceal" support, see |conceal| |:syn-conceal| etc.
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B *+cscope* |cscope| support
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m *+cursorbind* |'cursorbind'| support
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m *+cursorshape* |termcap-cursor-shape| support
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m *+debug* Compiled for debugging.
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N *+dialog_gui* Support for |:confirm| with GUI dialog.
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N *+dialog_con* Support for |:confirm| with console dialog.
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N *+dialog_con_gui* Support for |:confirm| with GUI and console dialog.
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N *+digraphs* |digraphs| *E196*
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N *+eval* expression evaluation |eval.txt|
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N *+ex_extra* always on now, used to be for Vim's extra Ex commands
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N *+extra_search* |'hlsearch'| and |'incsearch'| options.
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B *+farsi* |farsi| language
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N *+file_in_path* |gf|, |CTRL-W_f| and |<cfile>|
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N *+find_in_path* include file searches: |[I|, |:isearch|,
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|CTRL-W_CTRL-I|, |:checkpath|, etc.
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N *+folding* |folding|
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N *+gettext* message translations |multi-lang|
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*+iconv* Compiled with the |iconv()| function
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*+iconv/dyn* Likewise |iconv-dynamic| |/dyn|
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N *+insert_expand* |insert_expand| Insert mode completion
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N *+jumplist* |jumplist|
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B *+keymap* |'keymap'|
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B *+langmap* |'langmap'|
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N *+libcall* |libcall()|
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N *+linebreak* |'linebreak'|, |'breakat'| and |'showbreak'|
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N *+lispindent* |'lisp'|
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N *+listcmds* Vim commands for the list of buffers |buffer-hidden|
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and argument list |:argdelete|
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N *+localmap* Support for mappings local to a buffer |:map-local|
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N *+menu* |:menu|
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N *+mksession* |:mksession|
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N *+modify_fname* |filename-modifiers|
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N *+mouse* Mouse handling |mouse-using|
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N *+mouseshape* |'mouseshape'|
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N *+multi_byte* 16 and 32 bit characters |multibyte|
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*+multi_byte_ime* Win32 input method for multibyte chars |multibyte-ime|
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N *+multi_lang* non-English language support |multi-lang|
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N *+path_extra* Up/downwards search in 'path' and 'tags'
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N *+persistent_undo* Persistent undo |undo-persistence|
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*+postscript* |:hardcopy| writes a PostScript file
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N *+printer* |:hardcopy| command
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H *+profile* |:profile| command
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m *+python* Python 2 interface |python|
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m *+python3* Python 3 interface |python|
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N *+quickfix* |:make| and |quickfix| commands
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N *+reltime* |reltime()| function, 'hlsearch'/'incsearch' timeout,
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'redrawtime' option
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B *+rightleft* Right to left typing |'rightleft'|
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N *+scrollbind* |'scrollbind'|
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N *+shada* |'shada'|
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B *+signs* |:sign|
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N *+smartindent* |'smartindent'|
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N *+startuptime* |--startuptime| argument
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N *+statusline* Options 'statusline', 'rulerformat' and special
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formats of 'titlestring' and 'iconstring'
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N *+syntax* Syntax highlighting |syntax|
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N *+tablineat* 'tabline' option recognizing %@Func@ items.
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N *+tag_binary* binary searching in tags file |tag-binary-search|
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N *+tag_old_static* old method for static tags |tag-old-static|
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m *+tag_any_white* any white space allowed in tags file |tag-any-white|
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B *+termguicolors* 24-bit color in xterm-compatible terminals support
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*+terminfo* uses |terminfo| instead of termcap
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N *+termresponse* support for |t_RV| and |v:termresponse|
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N *+textobjects* |text-objects| selection
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*+tgetent* non-Unix only: able to use external termcap
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N *+timers* the |timer_start()| function
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N *+title* Setting the window 'title' and 'icon'
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N *+toolbar* |gui-toolbar|
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N *+user_commands* User-defined commands. |user-commands|
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N *+vertsplit* Vertically split windows |:vsplit|
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N *+virtualedit* |'virtualedit'|
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S *+visual* Visual mode |Visual-mode| Always enabled since 7.4.200.
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N *+visualextra* extra Visual mode commands |blockwise-operators|
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N *+vreplace* |gR| and |gr|
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N *+wildignore* |'wildignore'|
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N *+wildmenu* |'wildmenu'|
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S *+windows* more than one window
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m *+writebackup* |'writebackup'| is default on
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m *+xim* X input method |xim|
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*+xfontset* X fontset support |xfontset|
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*+xpm* pixmap support
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m *+xpm_w32* Win32 GUI only: pixmap support |w32-xpm-support|
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*/dyn* *E370* *E448*
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To some of the features "/dyn" is added when the
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feature is only available when the related library can
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be dynamically loaded.
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:ve[rsion] {nr} Is now ignored. This was previously used to check the
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version number of a .vimrc file. It was removed,
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because you can now use the ":if" command for
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version-dependent behavior.
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*:redi* *:redir*
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:redi[r][!] > {file} Redirect messages to file {file}. The messages which
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are the output of commands are written to that file,
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until redirection ends. The messages are also still
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shown on the screen. When [!] is included, an
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existing file is overwritten. When [!] is omitted,
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and {file} exists, this command fails.
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Only one ":redir" can be active at a time. Calls to
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":redir" will close any active redirection before
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starting redirection to the new target.
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To stop the messages and commands from being echoed to
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the screen, put the commands in a function and call it
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with ":silent call Function()".
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Alternatives are the 'verbosefile' option or
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|execute()| function, these can be used in combination
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with ":redir".
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:redi[r] >> {file} Redirect messages to file {file}. Append if {file}
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already exists.
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:redi[r] @{a-zA-Z}
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:redi[r] @{a-zA-Z}> Redirect messages to register {a-z}. Append to the
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contents of the register if its name is given
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uppercase {A-Z}. The ">" after the register name is
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optional.
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:redi[r] @{a-z}>> Append messages to register {a-z}.
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:redi[r] @*>
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:redi[r] @+> Redirect messages to the selection or clipboard. For
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backward compatibility, the ">" after the register
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name can be omitted. See |quotestar| and |quoteplus|.
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|
:redi[r] @*>>
|
|
:redi[r] @+>> Append messages to the selection or clipboard.
|
|
|
|
:redi[r] @"> Redirect messages to the unnamed register. For
|
|
backward compatibility, the ">" after the register
|
|
name can be omitted.
|
|
:redi[r] @">> Append messages to the unnamed register.
|
|
|
|
:redi[r] => {var} Redirect messages to a variable. If the variable
|
|
doesn't exist, then it is created. If the variable
|
|
exists, then it is initialized to an empty string.
|
|
The variable will remain empty until redirection ends.
|
|
Only string variables can be used. After the
|
|
redirection starts, if the variable is removed or
|
|
locked or the variable type is changed, then further
|
|
command output messages will cause errors.
|
|
|
|
:redi[r] =>> {var} Append messages to an existing variable. Only string
|
|
variables can be used.
|
|
|
|
:redi[r] END End redirecting messages.
|
|
|
|
*:sil* *:silent* *:silent!*
|
|
:sil[ent][!] {command} Execute {command} silently. Normal messages will not
|
|
be given or added to the message history.
|
|
When [!] is added, error messages will also be
|
|
skipped, and commands and mappings will not be aborted
|
|
when an error is detected. |v:errmsg| is still set.
|
|
When [!] is not used, an error message will cause
|
|
further messages to be displayed normally.
|
|
Redirection, started with |:redir|, will continue as
|
|
usual, although there might be small differences.
|
|
This will allow redirecting the output of a command
|
|
without seeing it on the screen. Example: >
|
|
:redir >/tmp/foobar
|
|
:silent g/Aap/p
|
|
:redir END
|
|
< To execute a Normal mode command silently, use the
|
|
|:normal| command. For example, to search for a
|
|
string without messages: >
|
|
:silent exe "normal /path\<CR>"
|
|
< ":silent!" is useful to execute a command that may
|
|
fail, but the failure is to be ignored. Example: >
|
|
:let v:errmsg = ""
|
|
:silent! /^begin
|
|
:if v:errmsg != ""
|
|
: ... pattern was not found
|
|
< ":silent" will also avoid the hit-enter prompt. When
|
|
using this for an external command, this may cause the
|
|
screen to be messed up. Use |CTRL-L| to clean it up
|
|
then.
|
|
":silent menu ..." defines a menu that will not echo a
|
|
Command-line command. The command will still produce
|
|
messages though. Use ":silent" in the command itself
|
|
to avoid that: ":silent menu .... :silent command".
|
|
|
|
*:uns* *:unsilent*
|
|
:uns[ilent] {command} Execute {command} not silently. Only makes a
|
|
difference when |:silent| was used to get to this
|
|
command.
|
|
Use this for giving a message even when |:silent| was
|
|
used. In this example |:silent| is used to avoid the
|
|
message about reading the file and |:unsilent| to be
|
|
able to list the first line of each file. >
|
|
:silent argdo unsilent echo expand('%') . ": " . getline(1)
|
|
<
|
|
|
|
*:verb* *:verbose*
|
|
:[count]verb[ose] {command}
|
|
Execute {command} with 'verbose' set to [count]. If
|
|
[count] is omitted one is used. ":0verbose" can be
|
|
used to set 'verbose' to zero.
|
|
The additional use of ":silent" makes messages
|
|
generated but not displayed.
|
|
The combination of ":silent" and ":verbose" can be
|
|
used to generate messages and check them with
|
|
|v:statusmsg| and friends. For example: >
|
|
:let v:statusmsg = ""
|
|
:silent verbose runtime foobar.vim
|
|
:if v:statusmsg != ""
|
|
: " foobar.vim could not be found
|
|
:endif
|
|
< When concatenating another command, the ":verbose"
|
|
only applies to the first one: >
|
|
:4verbose set verbose | set verbose
|
|
< verbose=4 ~
|
|
verbose=0 ~
|
|
For logging verbose messages in a file use the
|
|
'verbosefile' option.
|
|
|
|
*:verbose-cmd*
|
|
When 'verbose' is non-zero, listing the value of a Vim option or a key map or
|
|
an abbreviation or a user-defined function or a command or a highlight group
|
|
or an autocommand will also display where it was last defined. If it was
|
|
defined manually then there will be no "Last set" message. When it was
|
|
defined while executing a function, user command or autocommand, the script in
|
|
which it was defined is reported.
|
|
{not available when compiled without the |+eval| feature}
|
|
|
|
*K*
|
|
[count]K Run a program to lookup the keyword under the
|
|
cursor. The name of the program is given with the
|
|
'keywordprg' (kp) option (default is "man"). The
|
|
keyword is formed of letters, numbers and the
|
|
characters in 'iskeyword'. The keyword under or
|
|
right of the cursor is used. The same can be done
|
|
with the command >
|
|
:!{program} {keyword}
|
|
< Special cases:
|
|
- If 'keywordprg' begins with ":" it is invoked as
|
|
a Vim command with [count].
|
|
- If 'keywordprg' is empty, the ":help" command is
|
|
used. It's a good idea to include more characters
|
|
in 'iskeyword' then, to be able to find more help.
|
|
- When 'keywordprg' is equal to "man", a [count]
|
|
before "K" is inserted after the "man" command and
|
|
before the keyword. For example, using "2K" while
|
|
the cursor is on "mkdir", results in: >
|
|
!man 2 mkdir
|
|
< - When 'keywordprg' is equal to "man -s", a [count]
|
|
before "K" is inserted after the "-s". If there is
|
|
no count, the "-s" is removed.
|
|
|
|
*v_K*
|
|
{Visual}K Like "K", but use the visually highlighted text for
|
|
the keyword. Only works when the highlighted text is
|
|
not more than one line.
|
|
|
|
[N]gs *gs* *:sl* *:sleep*
|
|
:[N]sl[eep] [N] [m] Do nothing for [N] seconds. When [m] is included,
|
|
sleep for [N] milliseconds. The count for "gs" always
|
|
uses seconds. The default is one second. >
|
|
:sleep "sleep for one second
|
|
:5sleep "sleep for five seconds
|
|
:sleep 100m "sleep for a hundred milliseconds
|
|
10gs "sleep for ten seconds
|
|
< Can be interrupted with CTRL-C (CTRL-Break on Windows).
|
|
"gs" stands for "goto sleep".
|
|
While sleeping the cursor is positioned in the text,
|
|
if at a visible position.
|
|
|
|
==============================================================================
|
|
2. Using Vim like less or more *less*
|
|
|
|
If you use the less or more program to view a file, you don't get syntax
|
|
highlighting. Thus you would like to use Vim instead. You can do this by
|
|
using the shell script "$VIMRUNTIME/macros/less.sh".
|
|
|
|
This shell script uses the Vim script "$VIMRUNTIME/macros/less.vim". It sets
|
|
up mappings to simulate the commands that less supports. Otherwise, you can
|
|
still use the Vim commands.
|
|
|
|
This isn't perfect. For example, when viewing a short file Vim will still use
|
|
the whole screen. But it works good enough for most uses, and you get syntax
|
|
highlighting.
|
|
|
|
The "h" key will give you a short overview of the available commands.
|
|
|
|
If you want to set options differently when using less, define the
|
|
LessInitFunc in your vimrc, for example: >
|
|
|
|
func LessInitFunc()
|
|
set nocursorcolumn nocursorline
|
|
endfunc
|
|
<
|
|
|
|
vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
|