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538 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
538 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
*various.txt* Nvim
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VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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Various commands *various*
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Type |gO| to see the table of contents.
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==============================================================================
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1. Various commands *various-cmds*
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*CTRL-L*
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CTRL-L Clears and redraws the screen. The redraw may happen
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later, after processing typeahead.
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*:mod* *:mode*
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:mod[e] Clears and redraws the screen.
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*:redr* *:redraw*
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:redr[aw][!] Redraws pending screen updates now, or the entire
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screen if "!" is included. To CLEAR the screen use
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|:mode| or |CTRL-L|.
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Useful to update the screen during a script or
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function (or a mapping if 'lazyredraw' set).
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*:redraws* *:redrawstatus*
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:redraws[tatus][!] Redraws the status line of the current window, or all
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status lines if "!" is included.
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Useful if 'statusline' includes an item that doesn't
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cause automatic updating.
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*:redrawt* *:redrawtabline*
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:redrawt[abline] Redraw the tabline. Useful to update the tabline when
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'tabline' includes an item that doesn't trigger
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automatic updating.
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*N<Del>*
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<Del> When entering a number: Remove the last digit.
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Note: if you like to use <BS> for this, add this
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mapping to your vimrc: >
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:map CTRL-V <BS> CTRL-V <Del>
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<
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:as[cii] or *ga* *:as* *:ascii*
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ga Print the ascii value of the character under the
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cursor in decimal, hexadecimal and octal.
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Mnemonic: Get Ascii value.
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For example, when the cursor is on a 'R':
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<R> 82, Hex 52, Octal 122 ~
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When the character is a non-standard ASCII character,
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but printable according to the 'isprint' option, the
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non-printable version is also given.
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When the character is larger than 127, the <M-x> form
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is also printed. For example:
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<~A> <M-^A> 129, Hex 81, Octal 201 ~
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<p> <|~> <M-~> 254, Hex fe, Octal 376 ~
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(where <p> is a special character)
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The <Nul> character in a file is stored internally as
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<NL>, but it will be shown as:
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<^@> 0, Hex 00, Octal 000 ~
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If the character has composing characters these are
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also shown. The value of 'maxcombine' doesn't matter.
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If the character can be inserted as a digraph, also
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output the two characters that can be used to create
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the character:
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<ö> 246, Hex 00f6, Oct 366, Digr o: ~
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This shows you can type CTRL-K o : to insert ö.
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*g8*
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g8 Print the hex values of the bytes used in the
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character under the cursor, assuming it is in |UTF-8|
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encoding. This also shows composing characters. The
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value of 'maxcombine' doesn't matter.
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Example of a character with two composing characters:
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e0 b8 81 + e0 b8 b9 + e0 b9 89 ~
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*8g8*
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8g8 Find an illegal UTF-8 byte sequence at or after the
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cursor. This works in two situations:
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1. when 'encoding' is any 8-bit encoding
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2. when 'encoding' is "utf-8" and 'fileencoding' is
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any 8-bit encoding
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Thus it can be used when editing a file that was
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supposed to be UTF-8 but was read as if it is an 8-bit
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encoding because it contains illegal bytes.
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Does not wrap around the end of the file.
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Note that when the cursor is on an illegal byte or the
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cursor is halfway through a multibyte character the
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command won't move the cursor.
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*:p* *:pr* *:print* *E749*
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:[range]p[rint] [flags]
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Print [range] lines (default current line).
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Note: If you are looking for a way to print your text
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on paper see |:hardcopy|. In the GUI you can use the
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File.Print menu entry.
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See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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The |:filter| command can be used to only show lines
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matching a pattern.
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:[range]p[rint] {count} [flags]
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Print {count} lines, starting with [range] (default
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current line |cmdline-ranges|).
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See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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*:l* *:list*
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:[range]l[ist] [count] [flags]
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Same as :print, but display unprintable characters
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with '^' and put $ after the line. This can be
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further changed with the 'listchars' option.
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See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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*:nu* *:number*
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:[range]nu[mber] [count] [flags]
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Same as :print, but precede each line with its line
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number. (See also |hl-LineNr| and 'numberwidth').
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See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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*:#*
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:[range]# [count] [flags]
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synonym for :number.
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*:#!*
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:#!{anything} Ignored, so that you can start a Vim script with: >
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#!vim -S
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echo "this is a Vim script"
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quit
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<
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*:z* *E144*
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:[range]z[+-^.=][count] Display several lines of text surrounding the line
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specified with [range], or around the current line
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if there is no [range].
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If there is a [count], that's how many lines you'll
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see; if there is no [count] and only one window then
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twice the value of the 'scroll' option is used,
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otherwise the current window height minus 3 is used.
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This is the value of "scr" in the table below.
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If there is a [count] the 'window' option is set to
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its value.
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:z can be used either alone or followed by any of
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several marks. These have the following effect:
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mark first line last line new cursor line ~
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---- ---------- --------- ------------
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+ current line 1 scr forward 1 scr forward
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- 1 scr back current line current line
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^ 2 scr back 1 scr back 1 scr back
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. 1/2 scr back 1/2 scr fwd 1/2 scr fwd
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= 1/2 scr back 1/2 scr fwd current line
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Specifying no mark at all is the same as "+".
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If the mark is "=", a line of dashes is printed
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around the current line.
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:[range]z#[+-^.=][count] *:z#*
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Like ":z", but number the lines.
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{not in all versions of Vi, not with these arguments}
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*:=*
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:= [flags] Print the last line number.
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See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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:{range}= [flags] Prints the last line number in {range}. For example,
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this prints the current line number: >
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:.=
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< See |ex-flags| for [flags].
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:norm[al][!] {commands} *:norm* *:normal*
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Execute Normal mode commands {commands}. This makes
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it possible to execute Normal mode commands typed on
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the command-line. {commands} are executed like they
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are typed. For undo all commands are undone together.
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Execution stops when an error is encountered.
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If the [!] is given, mappings will not be used.
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Without it, when this command is called from a
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non-remappable mapping (|:noremap|), the argument can
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be mapped anyway.
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{commands} should be a complete command. If
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{commands} does not finish a command, the last one
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will be aborted as if <Esc> or <C-C> was typed.
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This implies that an insert command must be completed
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(to start Insert mode, see |:startinsert|). A ":"
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command must be completed as well. And you can't use
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"Q" or "gQ" to start Ex mode.
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The display is not updated while ":normal" is busy.
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{commands} cannot start with a space. Put a count of
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1 (one) before it, "1 " is one space.
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The 'insertmode' option is ignored for {commands}.
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This command cannot be followed by another command,
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since any '|' is considered part of the command.
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This command can be used recursively, but the depth is
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limited by 'maxmapdepth'.
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An alternative is to use |:execute|, which uses an
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expression as argument. This allows the use of
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printable characters to represent special characters.
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Example: >
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:exe "normal \<c-w>\<c-w>"
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<
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:{range}norm[al][!] {commands} *:normal-range*
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Execute Normal mode commands {commands} for each line
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in the {range}. Before executing the {commands}, the
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cursor is positioned in the first column of the range,
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for each line. Otherwise it's the same as the
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":normal" command without a range.
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*:sh* *:shell* *E371* *E360*
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:sh[ell] Removed. |vim-differences|
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*:terminal* *:te*
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:te[rminal][!] [{cmd}] Run {cmd} in a non-interactive 'shell' in a new
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|terminal-emulator| buffer. Without {cmd}, start an
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interactive 'shell'.
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Type |i| to enter |Terminal-mode|, then keys are sent to
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the job running in the terminal. Type <C-\><C-N> to
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leave Terminal-mode. |CTRL-\_CTRL-N|
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Fails if changes have been made to the current buffer,
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unless 'hidden' is set.
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To enter |Terminal-mode| automatically: >
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autocmd TermOpen * startinsert
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<
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*:!cmd* *:!* *E34*
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:!{cmd} Execute {cmd} with 'shell'. See also |:terminal|.
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The command runs in a non-interactive shell connected
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to a pipe (not a terminal). Use |:terminal| to run an
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interactive shell connected to a terminal.
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Backgrounded ("&") commands must not write to stdout
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or stderr, the streams are closed immediately. |E5677|
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Use |jobstart()| instead. >
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:call jobstart('foo', {'detach':1})
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<
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Any "!" in {cmd} is replaced with the previous
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external command (see also 'cpoptions'), unless
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escaped by a backslash. Example: ":!ls" followed by
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":!echo ! \! \\!" executes "echo ls ! \!".
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Any "|" in {cmd} is passed to the shell, you cannot
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use it to append a Vim command. See |:bar|.
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Any "%" in {cmd} is expanded to the current file name.
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Any "#" in {cmd} is expanded to the alternate file name.
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Special characters are not escaped, use quotes or
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|shellescape()|: >
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:!ls "%"
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:exe "!ls " . shellescape(expand("%"))
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<
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Newline character ends {cmd} unless a backslash
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precedes the newline. What follows is interpreted as
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another |:| command.
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After the command has been executed, the timestamp and
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size of the current file is checked |timestamp|.
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If the command produces too much output some lines may
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be skipped so the command can execute quickly. No
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data is lost, this only affects the display. The last
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few lines are always displayed (never skipped).
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To avoid the hit-enter prompt use: >
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:silent !{cmd}
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<
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*:!!*
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:!! Repeat last ":!{cmd}".
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*:ve* *:ver* *:version*
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:ve[rsion] Print editor version and build information.
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See also |feature-compile|.
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*:redi* *:redir*
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:redi[r][!] > {file} Redirect messages to file {file}. The messages which
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are the output of commands are written to that file,
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until redirection ends. The messages are also still
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shown on the screen. When [!] is included, an
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existing file is overwritten. When [!] is omitted,
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and {file} exists, this command fails.
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Only one ":redir" can be active at a time. Calls to
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":redir" will close any active redirection before
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starting redirection to the new target. For recursive
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use check out |execute()|.
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To stop the messages and commands from being echoed to
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the screen, put the commands in a function and call it
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with ":silent call Function()".
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Alternatives are the 'verbosefile' option or
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|execute()| function, these can be used in combination
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with ":redir".
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:redi[r] >> {file} Redirect messages to file {file}. Append if {file}
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already exists.
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:redi[r] @{a-zA-Z}
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:redi[r] @{a-zA-Z}> Redirect messages to register {a-z}. Append to the
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contents of the register if its name is given
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uppercase {A-Z}. The ">" after the register name is
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optional.
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:redi[r] @{a-z}>> Append messages to register {a-z}.
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:redi[r] @*>
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:redi[r] @+> Redirect messages to the selection or clipboard. For
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backward compatibility, the ">" after the register
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name can be omitted. See |quotestar| and |quoteplus|.
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:redi[r] @*>>
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:redi[r] @+>> Append messages to the selection or clipboard.
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:redi[r] @"> Redirect messages to the unnamed register. For
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backward compatibility, the ">" after the register
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name can be omitted.
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:redi[r] @">> Append messages to the unnamed register.
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:redi[r] => {var} Redirect messages to a variable. If the variable
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doesn't exist, then it is created. If the variable
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exists, then it is initialized to an empty string.
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The variable will remain empty until redirection ends.
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Only string variables can be used. After the
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redirection starts, if the variable is removed or
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locked or the variable type is changed, then further
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command output messages will cause errors.
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To get the output of one command the |execute()|
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function can be used instead of redirection.
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:redi[r] =>> {var} Append messages to an existing variable. Only string
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variables can be used.
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:redi[r] END End redirecting messages.
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*:filt* *:filter*
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:filt[er][!] {pat} {command}
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:filt[er][!] /{pat}/ {command}
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Restrict the output of {command} to lines matching
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with {pat}. For example, to list only xml files: >
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:filter /\.xml$/ oldfiles
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< If the [!] is given, restrict the output of {command}
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to lines that do NOT match {pat}.
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{pat} is a Vim search pattern. Instead of enclosing
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it in / any non-ID character (see |'isident'|) can be
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used, so long as it does not appear in {pat}. Without
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the enclosing character the pattern cannot include the
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bar character. 'ignorecase' is not used.
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The pattern is matched against the relevant part of
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the output, not necessarily the whole line. Only some
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commands support filtering, try it out to check if it
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works. Some of the commands that support filtering:
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|:#| - filter whole line
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|:clist| - filter by file name or module name
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|:command| - filter by command name
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|:files| - filter by file name
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|:highlight| - filter by highlight group
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|:jumps| - filter by file name
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|:let| - filter by variable name
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|:list| - filter whole line
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|:llist| - filter by file name or module name
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|:marks| - filter by text in the current file,
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or file name for other files
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|:oldfiles| - filter by file name
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|:set| - filter by variable name
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Only normal messages are filtered, error messages are
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not.
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*:sil* *:silent* *:silent!*
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:sil[ent][!] {command} Execute {command} silently. Normal messages will not
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be given or added to the message history.
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When [!] is added, error messages will also be
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skipped, and commands and mappings will not be aborted
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when an error is detected. |v:errmsg| is still set.
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When [!] is not used, an error message will cause
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further messages to be displayed normally.
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Redirection, started with |:redir|, will continue as
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usual, although there might be small differences.
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This will allow redirecting the output of a command
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without seeing it on the screen. Example: >
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:redir >/tmp/foobar
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:silent g/Aap/p
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:redir END
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< To execute a Normal mode command silently, use the
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|:normal| command. For example, to search for a
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string without messages: >
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:silent exe "normal /path\<CR>"
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< ":silent!" is useful to execute a command that may
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fail, but the failure is to be ignored. Example: >
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:let v:errmsg = ""
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:silent! /^begin
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:if v:errmsg != ""
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: ... pattern was not found
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< ":silent" also skips the hit-enter prompt.
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Dialogs that prompt for user input (|confirm()|,
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'swapfile', …) are never silent.
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*:uns* *:unsilent*
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:uns[ilent] {command} Execute {command} not silently. Only makes a
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difference when |:silent| was used to get to this
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command.
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Use this for giving a message even when |:silent| was
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used. In this example |:silent| is used to avoid the
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message about reading the file and |:unsilent| to be
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able to list the first line of each file. >
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:silent argdo unsilent echo expand('%') . ": " . getline(1)
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<
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*:verb* *:verbose*
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:[count]verb[ose] {command}
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Execute {command} with 'verbose' set to [count]. If
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[count] is omitted one is used. ":0verbose" can be
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used to set 'verbose' to zero.
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The additional use of ":silent" makes messages
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generated but not displayed.
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The combination of ":silent" and ":verbose" can be
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used to generate messages and check them with
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|v:statusmsg| and friends. For example: >
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:let v:statusmsg = ""
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:silent verbose runtime foobar.vim
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:if v:statusmsg != ""
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: " foobar.vim could not be found
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:endif
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< When concatenating another command, the ":verbose"
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only applies to the first one: >
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:4verbose set verbose | set verbose
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< verbose=4 ~
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verbose=0 ~
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For logging verbose messages in a file use the
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'verbosefile' option.
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*:verbose-cmd*
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When 'verbose' is non-zero, listing the value of a Vim option or a key map or
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an abbreviation or a user-defined function or a command or a highlight group
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or an autocommand will also display where it was last defined. If it was
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defined manually then there will be no "Last set" message. When it was
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defined while executing a function, user command or autocommand, the script in
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which it was defined is reported.
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*K*
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[count]K Run a program to lookup the keyword under the
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cursor. The name of the program is given with the
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'keywordprg' (kp) option (default is "man"). The
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keyword is formed of letters, numbers and the
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characters in 'iskeyword'. The keyword under or
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right of the cursor is used. The same can be done
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with the command >
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:!{program} {keyword}
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< Special cases:
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- If 'keywordprg' begins with ":" it is invoked as
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a Vim command with [count].
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- If 'keywordprg' is empty, the ":help" command is
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used. It's a good idea to include more characters
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in 'iskeyword' then, to be able to find more help.
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- When 'keywordprg' is equal to "man", a [count]
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before "K" is inserted after the "man" command and
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before the keyword. For example, using "2K" while
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the cursor is on "mkdir", results in: >
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!man 2 mkdir
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< - When 'keywordprg' is equal to "man -s", a [count]
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before "K" is inserted after the "-s". If there is
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no count, the "-s" is removed.
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*v_K*
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{Visual}K Like "K", but use the visually highlighted text for
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the keyword. Only works when the highlighted text is
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not more than one line.
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*gO*
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gO Show a filetype-specific, navigable "outline" of the
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current buffer. For example, in a |help| buffer this
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shows the table of contents.
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Currently works in |help| and |:Man| buffers.
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[N]gs *gs* *:sl* *:sleep*
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:[N]sl[eep] [N][m] Do nothing for [N] seconds, or [N] milliseconds if [m]
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was given. "gs" always uses seconds.
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Default is one second. >
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:sleep "sleep for one second
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:5sleep "sleep for five seconds
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:sleep 100m "sleep for 100 milliseconds
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10gs "sleep for ten seconds
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< Can be interrupted with CTRL-C.
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"gs" stands for "goto sleep".
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While sleeping the cursor is positioned in the text,
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|
if at a visible position.
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Queued messages are processed during the sleep.
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*:sl!* *:sleep!*
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:[N]sl[eep]! [N] [m] Same as above. Unlike Vim, it does not hide the
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|
cursor. |vim-differences|
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|
==============================================================================
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2. Using Vim like less or more *less*
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|
|
|
If you use the less or more program to view a file, you don't get syntax
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|
highlighting. Thus you would like to use Vim instead. You can do this by
|
|
using the shell script "$VIMRUNTIME/macros/less.sh".
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|
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|
This shell script uses the Vim script "$VIMRUNTIME/macros/less.vim". It sets
|
|
up mappings to simulate the commands that less supports. Otherwise, you can
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|
still use the Vim commands.
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|
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This isn't perfect. For example, when viewing a short file Vim will still use
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the whole screen. But it works well enough for most uses, and you get syntax
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|
highlighting.
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|
The "h" key will give you a short overview of the available commands.
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|
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|
If you want to set options differently when using less, define the
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|
LessInitFunc in your vimrc, for example: >
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|
func LessInitFunc()
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|
set nocursorcolumn nocursorline
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|
endfunc
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|
<
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vim:noet:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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