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475 lines
17 KiB
Plaintext
*tips.txt* Nvim
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VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
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Tips and ideas for using Vim *tips*
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These are just a few that we thought would be helpful for many users.
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You can find many more tips on the wiki. The URL can be found on
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http://www.vim.org
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Don't forget to browse the user manual, it also contains lots of useful tips
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|usr_toc.txt|.
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Type |gO| to see the table of contents.
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==============================================================================
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Editing C programs *C-editing*
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There are quite a few features in Vim to help you edit C program files. Here
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is an overview with tags to jump to:
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|usr_29.txt| Moving through programs chapter in the user manual.
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|usr_30.txt| Editing programs chapter in the user manual.
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|C-indenting| Automatically set the indent of a line while typing
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text.
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|=| Re-indent a few lines.
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|format-comments| Format comments.
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|:checkpath| Show all recursively included files.
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|[i| Search for identifier under cursor in current and
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included files.
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|[_CTRL-I| Jump to match for "[i"
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|[I| List all lines in current and included files where
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identifier under the cursor matches.
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|[d| Search for define under cursor in current and included
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files.
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|CTRL-]| Jump to tag under cursor (e.g., definition of a
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function).
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|CTRL-T| Jump back to before a CTRL-] command.
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|:tselect| Select one tag out of a list of matching tags.
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|gd| Go to Declaration of local variable under cursor.
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|gD| Go to Declaration of global variable under cursor.
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|gf| Go to file name under the cursor.
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|%| Go to matching (), {}, [], /* */, #if, #else, #endif.
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|[/| Go to previous start of comment.
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|]/| Go to next end of comment.
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|[#| Go back to unclosed #if, #ifdef, or #else.
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|]#| Go forward to unclosed #else or #endif.
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|[(| Go back to unclosed '('
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|])| Go forward to unclosed ')'
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|[{| Go back to unclosed '{'
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|]}| Go forward to unclosed '}'
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|v_ab| Select "a block" from "[(" to "])", including braces
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|v_ib| Select "inner block" from "[(" to "])"
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|v_aB| Select "a block" from "[{" to "]}", including brackets
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|v_iB| Select "inner block" from "[{" to "]}"
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==============================================================================
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Finding where identifiers are used *ident-search*
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You probably already know that |tags| can be used to jump to the place where a
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function or variable is defined. But sometimes you wish you could jump to all
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the places where a function or variable is being used. This is possible in
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two ways:
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1. Using the |:grep| command. This should work on most Unix systems,
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but can be slow (it reads all files) and only searches in one directory.
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2. Using ID utils. This is fast and works in multiple directories. It uses a
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database to store locations. You will need some additional programs for
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this to work. And you need to keep the database up to date.
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Using the GNU id-tools:
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What you need:
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- The GNU id-tools installed (mkid is needed to create ID and lid is needed to
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use the macros).
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- An identifier database file called "ID" in the current directory. You can
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create it with the shell command "mkid file1 file2 ..".
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Put this in your |init.vim|: >
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map _u :call ID_search()<Bar>execute "/\\<" . g:word . "\\>"<CR>
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map _n :n<Bar>execute "/\\<" . g:word . "\\>"<CR>
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function! ID_search()
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let g:word = expand("<cword>")
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let x = system("lid --key=none ". g:word)
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let x = substitute(x, "\n", " ", "g")
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execute "next " . x
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endfun
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To use it, place the cursor on a word, type "_u" and vim will load the file
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that contains the word. Search for the next occurrence of the word in the
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same file with "n". Go to the next file with "_n".
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This has been tested with id-utils-3.2 (which is the name of the id-tools
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archive file on your closest gnu-ftp-mirror).
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[the idea for this comes from Andreas Kutschera]
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==============================================================================
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Scrolling in Insert mode *scroll-insert*
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If you are in insert mode and you want to see something that is just off the
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screen, you can use CTRL-X CTRL-E and CTRL-X CTRL-Y to scroll the screen.
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|i_CTRL-X_CTRL-E|
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To make this easier, you could use these mappings: >
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:inoremap <C-E> <C-X><C-E>
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:inoremap <C-Y> <C-X><C-Y>
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You then lose the ability to copy text from the line above/below the cursor
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|i_CTRL-E|.
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Also consider setting 'scrolloff' to a larger value, so that you can always see
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some context around the cursor. If 'scrolloff' is bigger than half the window
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height, the cursor will always be in the middle and the text is scrolled when
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the cursor is moved up/down.
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==============================================================================
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Smooth scrolling *scroll-smooth*
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If you like the scrolling to go a bit smoother, you can use these mappings: >
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:map <C-U> <C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y><C-Y>
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:map <C-D> <C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E><C-E>
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==============================================================================
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Correcting common typing mistakes *type-mistakes*
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When there are a few words that you keep on typing in the wrong way, make
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abbreviations that correct them. For example: >
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:ab teh the
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:ab fro for
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==============================================================================
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Counting words, lines, etc. *count-items*
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To count how often any pattern occurs in the current buffer use the substitute
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command and add the 'n' flag to avoid the substitution. The reported number
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of substitutions is the number of items. Examples: >
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:%s/./&/gn characters
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:%s/\i\+/&/gn words
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:%s/^//n lines
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:%s/the/&/gn "the" anywhere
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:%s/\<the\>/&/gn "the" as a word
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You might want to reset 'hlsearch' or do ":nohlsearch".
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Add the 'e' flag if you don't want an error when there are no matches.
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An alternative is using |v_g_CTRL-G| in Visual mode.
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If you want to find matches in multiple files use |:vimgrep|.
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*count-bytes*
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If you want to count bytes, you can use this:
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Visually select the characters (block is also possible)
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Use "y" to yank the characters
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Use the strlen() function: >
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:echo strlen(@")
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A line break is counted for one byte.
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==============================================================================
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Restoring the cursor position *restore-position*
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Sometimes you want to write a mapping that makes a change somewhere in the
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file and restores the cursor position, without scrolling the text. For
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example, to change the date mark in a file: >
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:map <F2> msHmtgg/Last [cC]hange:\s*/e+1<CR>"_D"=strftime("%Y %b %d")<CR>p'tzt`s
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Breaking up saving the position:
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ms store cursor position in the 's' mark
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H go to the first line in the window
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mt store this position in the 't' mark
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Breaking up restoring the position:
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't go to the line previously at the top of the window
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zt scroll to move this line to the top of the window
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`s jump to the original position of the cursor
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For something more advanced see |winsaveview()| and |winrestview()|.
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==============================================================================
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Renaming files *rename-files*
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Say I have a directory with the following files in them (directory picked at
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random :-):
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buffer.c
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charset.c
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digraph.c
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...
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and I want to rename *.c *.bla. I'd do it like this: >
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$ vim
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:r !ls *.c
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:%s/\(.*\).c/mv & \1.bla
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:w !sh
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:q!
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==============================================================================
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Change a name in multiple files *change-name*
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Example for using a script file to change a name in several files:
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Create a file "subs.vim" containing substitute commands and a :update
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command: >
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:%s/Jones/Smith/g
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:%s/Allen/Peter/g
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:update
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<
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Execute Vim on all files you want to change, and source the script for
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each argument: >
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vim *.let
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argdo source subs.vim
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See |:argdo|.
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==============================================================================
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Speeding up external commands *speed-up*
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In some situations, execution of an external command can be very slow. This
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can also slow down wildcard expansion on Unix. Here are a few suggestions to
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increase the speed.
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If your .cshrc (or other file, depending on the shell used) is very long, you
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should separate it into a section for interactive use and a section for
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non-interactive use (often called secondary shells). When you execute a
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command from Vim like ":!ls", you do not need the interactive things (for
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example, setting the prompt). Put the stuff that is not needed after these
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lines: >
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if ($?prompt == 0) then
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exit 0
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endif
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Another way is to include the "-f" flag in the 'shell' option, e.g.: >
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:set shell=csh\ -f
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(the backslash is needed to include the space in the option).
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This will make csh completely skip the use of the .cshrc file. This may cause
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some things to stop working though.
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==============================================================================
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Useful mappings *useful-mappings*
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Here are a few mappings that some people like to use.
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*map-backtick* >
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:map ' `
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Make the single quote work like a backtick. Puts the cursor on the column of
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a mark, instead of going to the first non-blank character in the line.
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*emacs-keys*
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For Emacs-style editing on the command-line: >
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" start of line
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:cnoremap <C-A> <Home>
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" back one character
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:cnoremap <C-B> <Left>
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" delete character under cursor
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:cnoremap <C-D> <Del>
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" end of line
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:cnoremap <C-E> <End>
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" forward one character
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:cnoremap <C-F> <Right>
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" recall newer command-line
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:cnoremap <C-N> <Down>
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" recall previous (older) command-line
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:cnoremap <C-P> <Up>
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" back one word
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:cnoremap <Esc><C-B> <S-Left>
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" forward one word
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:cnoremap <Esc><C-F> <S-Right>
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<
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*format-bullet-list*
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This mapping will format any bullet list. It requires that there is an empty
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line above and below each list entry. The expression commands are used to
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be able to give comments to the parts of the mapping. >
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:let m = ":map _f :set ai<CR>" " need 'autoindent' set
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:let m = m . "{O<Esc>" " add empty line above item
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:let m = m . "}{)^W" " move to text after bullet
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:let m = m . "i <CR> <Esc>" " add space for indent
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:let m = m . "gq}" " format text after the bullet
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:let m = m . "{dd" " remove the empty line
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:let m = m . "5lDJ" " put text after bullet
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:execute m |" define the mapping
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(<> notation |<>|. Note that this is all typed literally. ^W is "^" "W", not
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CTRL-W.)
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Note that the last comment starts with |", because the ":execute" command
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doesn't accept a comment directly.
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You also need to set 'textwidth' to a non-zero value, e.g., >
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:set tw=70
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A mapping that does about the same, but takes the indent for the list from the
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first line (Note: this mapping is a single long line with a lot of spaces): >
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:map _f :set ai<CR>}{a <Esc>WWmmkD`mi<CR><Esc>kkddpJgq}'mJO<Esc>j
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<
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*collapse*
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These two mappings reduce a sequence of empty (;b) or blank (;n) lines into a
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single line >
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:map ;b GoZ<Esc>:g/^$/.,/./-j<CR>Gdd
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:map ;n GoZ<Esc>:g/^[ <Tab>]*$/.,/[^ <Tab>]/-j<CR>Gdd
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==============================================================================
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Compressing the help files *gzip-helpfile*
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For those of you who are really short on disk space, you can compress the help
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files and still be able to view them with Vim. This makes accessing the help
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files a bit slower and requires the "gzip" program.
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(1) Compress all the help files: "gzip doc/*.txt".
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(2) Edit "doc/tags" and change the ".txt" to ".txt.gz": >
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:%s=\(\t.*\.txt\)\t=\1.gz\t=
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(3) Add this line to your vimrc: >
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set helpfile={dirname}/help.txt.gz
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Where {dirname} is the directory where the help files are. The |gzip| plugin
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will take care of decompressing the files.
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You must make sure that $VIMRUNTIME is set to where the other Vim files are,
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when they are not in the same location as the compressed "doc" directory. See
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|$VIMRUNTIME|.
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==============================================================================
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Hex editing *hex-editing* *using-xxd*
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See section |23.3| of the user manual.
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If one has a particular extension that one uses for binary files (such as exe,
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bin, etc), you may find it helpful to automate the process with the following
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bit of autocmds for your |init.vim|. Change that "*.bin" to whatever
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comma-separated list of extension(s) you find yourself wanting to edit: >
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" vim -b : edit binary using xxd-format!
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augroup Binary
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au!
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au BufReadPre *.bin let &bin=1
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au BufReadPost *.bin if &bin | %!xxd
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au BufReadPost *.bin set ft=xxd | endif
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au BufWritePre *.bin if &bin | %!xxd -r
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au BufWritePre *.bin endif
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au BufWritePost *.bin if &bin | %!xxd
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au BufWritePost *.bin set nomod | endif
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augroup END
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==============================================================================
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Using <> notation in autocommands *autocmd-<>*
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The <> notation is not recognized in the argument of an :autocmd. To avoid
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having to use special characters, you could use a self-destroying mapping to
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get the <> notation and then call the mapping from the autocmd. Example:
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*map-self-destroy* >
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" This is for automatically adding the name of the file to the menu list.
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" It uses a self-destroying mapping!
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" 1. use a line in the buffer to convert the 'dots' in the file name to \.
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" 2. store that in register '"'
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" 3. add that name to the Buffers menu list
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" WARNING: this does have some side effects, like overwriting the
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" current register contents and removing any mapping for the "i" command.
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"
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autocmd BufNewFile,BufReadPre * nmap i :nunmap i<CR>O<C-R>%<Esc>:.g/\./s/\./\\./g<CR>0"9y$u:menu Buffers.<C-R>9 :buffer <C-R>%<C-V><CR><CR>
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autocmd BufNewFile,BufReadPre * normal i
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Another method, perhaps better, is to use the ":execute" command. In the
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string you can use the <> notation by preceding it with a backslash. Don't
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forget to double the number of existing backslashes and put a backslash before
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'"'.
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>
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autocmd BufNewFile,BufReadPre * exe "normal O\<C-R>%\<Esc>:.g/\\./s/\\./\\\\./g\<CR>0\"9y$u:menu Buffers.\<C-R>9 :buffer \<C-R>%\<C-V>\<CR>\<CR>"
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For a real buffer menu, user functions should be used (see |:function|), but
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then the <> notation isn't used, which defeats using it as an example here.
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==============================================================================
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Highlighting matching parens *match-parens*
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This example shows the use of a few advanced tricks:
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- using the |CursorMoved| autocommand event
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- using |searchpairpos()| to find a matching paren
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- using |synID()| to detect whether the cursor is in a string or comment
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- using |:match| to highlight something
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- using a |pattern| to match a specific position in the file.
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This should be put in a Vim script file, since it uses script-local variables.
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It skips matches in strings or comments, unless the cursor started in string
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or comment. This requires syntax highlighting.
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A slightly more advanced version is used in the |matchparen| plugin.
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>
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let s:paren_hl_on = 0
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function s:Highlight_Matching_Paren()
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if s:paren_hl_on
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match none
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let s:paren_hl_on = 0
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endif
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let c_lnum = line('.')
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let c_col = col('.')
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let c = getline(c_lnum)[c_col - 1]
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let plist = split(&matchpairs, ':\|,')
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let i = index(plist, c)
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if i < 0
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return
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endif
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if i % 2 == 0
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let s_flags = 'nW'
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let c2 = plist[i + 1]
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else
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let s_flags = 'nbW'
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let c2 = c
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let c = plist[i - 1]
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endif
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if c == '['
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let c = '\['
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let c2 = '\]'
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endif
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let s_skip ='synIDattr(synID(line("."), col("."), 0), "name") ' .
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\ '=~? "string\\|comment"'
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execute 'if' s_skip '| let s_skip = 0 | endif'
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let [m_lnum, m_col] = searchpairpos(c, '', c2, s_flags, s_skip)
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if m_lnum > 0 && m_lnum >= line('w0') && m_lnum <= line('w$')
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exe 'match Search /\(\%' . c_lnum . 'l\%' . c_col .
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\ 'c\)\|\(\%' . m_lnum . 'l\%' . m_col . 'c\)/'
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let s:paren_hl_on = 1
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endif
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endfunction
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autocmd CursorMoved,CursorMovedI * call s:Highlight_Matching_Paren()
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autocmd InsertEnter * match none
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<
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==============================================================================
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Opening help in the current window *help-curwin*
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By default, help is displayed in a split window. If you prefer it opens in
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the current window, try this custom `:HelpCurwin` command:
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>
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command -bar -nargs=? -complete=help HelpCurwin execute s:HelpCurwin(<q-args>)
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let s:did_open_help = v:false
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function s:HelpCurwin(subject) abort
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let mods = 'silent noautocmd keepalt'
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if !s:did_open_help
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execute mods .. ' help'
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execute mods .. ' helpclose'
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let s:did_open_help = v:true
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endif
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if !empty(getcompletion(a:subject, 'help'))
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execute mods .. ' edit ' .. &helpfile
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set buftype=help
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endif
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return 'help ' .. a:subject
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endfunction
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<
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vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl:
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