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Problem: buffer text with composing chars are converted from UTF-8 to an array of up to seven UTF-32 values and then converted back to UTF-8 strings. Solution: Convert buffer text directly to UTF-8 based schar_T values. The limit of the text size is now in schar_T bytes, which is currently 31+1 but easily could be raised as it no longer multiplies the size of the entire screen grid when not used, the full size is only required for temporary scratch buffers. Also does some general cleanup to win_line text handling, which was unnecessarily complicated due to multibyte rendering being an "opt-in" feature long ago. Nowadays, a char is just a char, regardless if it consists of one ASCII byte or multiple bytes.
770 lines
29 KiB
Plaintext
770 lines
29 KiB
Plaintext
*mbyte.txt* Nvim
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VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar et al.
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Multi-byte support *multibyte* *multi-byte*
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*Chinese* *Japanese* *Korean*
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This is about editing text in languages which have many characters that can
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not be represented using one byte (one octet). Examples are Chinese, Japanese
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and Korean. Unicode is also covered here.
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For an introduction to the most common features, see |usr_45.txt| in the user
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manual.
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For changing the language of messages and menus see |mlang.txt|.
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Type |gO| to see the table of contents.
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==============================================================================
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Getting started *mbyte-first*
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This is a summary of the multibyte features in Vim. If you are lucky it works
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as described and you can start using Vim without much trouble. If something
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doesn't work you will have to read the rest. Don't be surprised if it takes
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quite a bit of work and experimenting to make Vim use all the multibyte
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features. Unfortunately, every system has its own way to deal with multibyte
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languages and it is quite complicated.
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LOCALE
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First of all, you must make sure your current locale is set correctly. If
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your system has been installed to use the language, it probably works right
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away. If not, you can often make it work by setting the $LANG environment
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variable in your shell: >
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setenv LANG ja_JP.EUC
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Unfortunately, the name of the locale depends on your system. Japanese might
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also be called "ja_JP.EUCjp" or just "ja". To see what is currently used: >
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:language
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To change the locale inside Vim use: >
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:language ja_JP.EUC
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Vim will give an error message if this doesn't work. This is a good way to
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experiment and find the locale name you want to use. But it's always better
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to set the locale in the shell, so that it is used right from the start.
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See |mbyte-locale| for details.
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ENCODING
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Nvim always uses UTF-8 internally. Thus 'encoding' option is always set
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to "utf-8" and cannot be changed.
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All the text that is used inside Vim will be in UTF-8. Not only the text in
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the buffers, but also in registers, variables, etc.
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You can edit files in different encodings than UTF-8. Nvim
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will convert the file when you read it and convert it back when you write it.
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See 'fileencoding', 'fileencodings' and |++enc|.
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DISPLAY AND FONTS
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If you are working in a terminal (emulator) you must make sure it accepts
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UTF-8, the encoding which Vim is working with. Otherwise only ASCII can
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be displayed and edited correctly.
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For the GUI you must select fonts that work with UTF-8. You can set 'guifont'
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and 'guifontwide'. 'guifont' is used for the single-width characters,
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'guifontwide' for the double-width characters. Thus the 'guifontwide' font
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must be exactly twice as wide as 'guifont'. Example for UTF-8: >
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:set guifont=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-18-120-100-100-c-90-iso10646-1
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:set guifontwide=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-18-120-100-100-c-180-iso10646-1
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You can also set 'guifont' alone, the Nvim GUI will try to find a matching
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'guifontwide' for you.
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INPUT
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There are several ways to enter multibyte characters:
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- Your system IME can be used.
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- Keymaps can be used. See |mbyte-keymap|.
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The options 'iminsert', 'imsearch' and 'imcmdline' can be used to choose
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the different input methods or disable them temporarily.
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==============================================================================
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Locale *mbyte-locale*
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The easiest setup is when your whole system uses the locale you want to work
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in. But it's also possible to set the locale for one shell you are working
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in, or just use a certain locale inside Vim.
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WHAT IS A LOCALE? *locale*
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There are many languages in the world. And there are different cultures and
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environments at least as many as the number of languages. A linguistic
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environment corresponding to an area is called "locale". This includes
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information about the used language, the charset, collating order for sorting,
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date format, currency format and so on. For Vim only the language and charset
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really matter.
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You can only use a locale if your system has support for it. Some systems
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have only a few locales, especially in the USA. The language which you want
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to use may not be on your system. In that case you might be able to install
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it as an extra package. Check your system documentation for how to do that.
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The location in which the locales are installed varies from system to system.
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For example, "/usr/share/locale" or "/usr/lib/locale". See your system's
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setlocale() man page.
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Looking in these directories will show you the exact name of each locale.
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Mostly upper/lowercase matters, thus "ja_JP.EUC" and "ja_jp.euc" are
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different. Some systems have a locale.alias file, which allows translation
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from a short name like "nl" to the full name "nl_NL.ISO_8859-1".
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Note that X-windows has its own locale stuff. And unfortunately uses locale
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names different from what is used elsewhere. This is confusing! For Vim it
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matters what the setlocale() function uses, which is generally NOT the
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X-windows stuff. You might have to do some experiments to find out what
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really works.
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*locale-name*
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The (simplified) format of |locale| name is:
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language
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or language_territory
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or language_territory.codeset
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Territory means the country (or part of it), codeset means the |charset|. For
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example, the locale name "ja_JP.eucJP" means:
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ja the language is Japanese
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JP the country is Japan
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eucJP the codeset is EUC-JP
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But it also could be "ja", "ja_JP.EUC", "ja_JP.ujis", etc. And unfortunately,
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the locale name for a specific language, territory and codeset is not unified
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and depends on your system.
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Examples of locale name:
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charset language locale name ~
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GB2312 Chinese (simplified) zh_CN.EUC, zh_CN.GB2312
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Big5 Chinese (traditional) zh_TW.BIG5, zh_TW.Big5
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CNS-11643 Chinese (traditional) zh_TW
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EUC-JP Japanese ja, ja_JP.EUC, ja_JP.ujis, ja_JP.eucJP
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Shift_JIS Japanese ja_JP.SJIS, ja_JP.Shift_JIS
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EUC-KR Korean ko, ko_KR.EUC
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USING A LOCALE
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To start using a locale for the whole system, see the documentation of your
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system. Mostly you need to set it in a configuration file in "/etc".
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To use a locale in a shell, set the $LANG environment value. When you want to
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use Korean and the |locale| name is "ko", do this:
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sh: export LANG=ko
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csh: setenv LANG ko
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You can put this in your ~/.profile or ~/.cshrc file to always use it.
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To use a locale in Vim only, use the |:language| command: >
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:language ko
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Put this in your |init.vim| file to use it always.
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Or specify $LANG when starting Vim:
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sh: LANG=ko vim {vim-arguments}
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csh: env LANG=ko vim {vim-arguments}
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You could make a small shell script for this.
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==============================================================================
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Encoding *mbyte-encoding*
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In Nvim UTF-8 is always used internally to encode characters.
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This applies to all the places where text is used, including buffers (files
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loaded into memory), registers and variables.
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*charset* *codeset*
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Charset is another name for encoding. There are subtle differences, but these
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don't matter when using Vim. "codeset" is another similar name.
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Each character is encoded as one or more bytes. When all characters are
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encoded with one byte, we call this a single-byte encoding. The most often
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used one is called "latin1". This limits the number of characters to 256.
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Some of these are control characters, thus even fewer can be used for text.
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When some characters use two or more bytes, we call this a multibyte
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encoding. This allows using much more than 256 characters, which is required
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for most East Asian languages.
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Most multibyte encodings use one byte for the first 127 characters. These
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are equal to ASCII, which makes it easy to exchange plain-ASCII text, no
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matter what language is used. Thus you might see the right text even when the
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encoding was set wrong.
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*encoding-names*
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Vim can edit files in different character encodings. There are three major groups:
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1 8bit Single-byte encodings, 256 different characters. Mostly used
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in USA and Europe. Example: ISO-8859-1 (Latin1). All
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characters occupy one screen cell only.
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2 2byte Double-byte encodings, over 10000 different characters.
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Mostly used in Asian countries. Example: euc-kr (Korean)
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The number of screen cells is equal to the number of bytes
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(except for euc-jp when the first byte is 0x8e).
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u Unicode Universal encoding, can replace all others. ISO 10646.
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Millions of different characters. Example: UTF-8. The
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relation between bytes and screen cells is complex.
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Only UTF-8 is used by Vim internally. But files in other
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encodings can be edited by using conversion, see 'fileencoding'.
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Recognized 'fileencoding' values include: *encoding-values*
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1 latin1 8-bit characters (ISO 8859-1, also used for cp1252)
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1 iso-8859-n ISO_8859 variant (n = 2 to 15)
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1 koi8-r Russian
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1 koi8-u Ukrainian
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1 macroman MacRoman (Macintosh encoding)
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1 8bit-{name} any 8-bit encoding (Vim specific name)
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1 cp437 similar to iso-8859-1
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1 cp737 similar to iso-8859-7
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1 cp775 Baltic
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1 cp850 similar to iso-8859-4
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1 cp852 similar to iso-8859-1
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1 cp855 similar to iso-8859-2
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1 cp857 similar to iso-8859-5
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1 cp860 similar to iso-8859-9
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1 cp861 similar to iso-8859-1
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1 cp862 similar to iso-8859-1
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1 cp863 similar to iso-8859-8
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1 cp865 similar to iso-8859-1
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1 cp866 similar to iso-8859-5
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1 cp869 similar to iso-8859-7
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1 cp874 Thai
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1 cp1250 Czech, Polish, etc.
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1 cp1251 Cyrillic
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1 cp1253 Greek
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1 cp1254 Turkish
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1 cp1255 Hebrew
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1 cp1256 Arabic
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1 cp1257 Baltic
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1 cp1258 Vietnamese
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1 cp{number} MS-Windows: any installed single-byte codepage
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2 cp932 Japanese (Windows only)
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2 euc-jp Japanese
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2 sjis Japanese
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2 cp949 Korean
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2 euc-kr Korean
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2 cp936 simplified Chinese (Windows only)
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2 euc-cn simplified Chinese
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2 cp950 traditional Chinese (alias for big5)
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2 big5 traditional Chinese (alias for cp950)
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2 euc-tw traditional Chinese
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2 2byte-{name} any double-byte encoding (Vim-specific name)
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2 cp{number} MS-Windows: any installed double-byte codepage
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u utf-8 32 bit UTF-8 encoded Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646-1)
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u ucs-2 16 bit UCS-2 encoded Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646-1)
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u ucs-2le like ucs-2, little endian
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u utf-16 ucs-2 extended with double-words for more characters
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u utf-16le like utf-16, little endian
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u ucs-4 32 bit UCS-4 encoded Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646-1)
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u ucs-4le like ucs-4, little endian
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The {name} can be any encoding name that your system supports. It is passed
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to iconv() to convert between UTF-8 and the encoding of the file.
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For MS-Windows "cp{number}" means using codepage {number}.
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Examples: >
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:set fileencoding=8bit-cp1252
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:set fileencoding=2byte-cp932
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The MS-Windows codepage 1252 is very similar to latin1. For practical reasons
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the same encoding is used and it's called latin1. 'isprint' can be used to
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display the characters 0x80 - 0xA0 or not.
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Several aliases can be used, they are translated to one of the names above.
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Incomplete list:
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1 ansi same as latin1 (obsolete, for backward compatibility)
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2 japan Japanese: "euc-jp"
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2 korea Korean: "euc-kr"
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2 prc simplified Chinese: "euc-cn"
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2 chinese same as "prc"
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2 taiwan traditional Chinese: "euc-tw"
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u utf8 same as utf-8
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u unicode same as ucs-2
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u ucs2be same as ucs-2 (big endian)
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u ucs-2be same as ucs-2 (big endian)
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u ucs-4be same as ucs-4 (big endian)
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u utf-32 same as ucs-4
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u utf-32le same as ucs-4le
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default the encoding of the current locale.
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For the UCS codes the byte order matters. This is tricky, use UTF-8 whenever
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you can. The default is to use big-endian (most significant byte comes
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first):
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name bytes char ~
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ucs-2 11 22 1122
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ucs-2le 22 11 1122
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ucs-4 11 22 33 44 11223344
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ucs-4le 44 33 22 11 11223344
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On MS-Windows systems you often want to use "ucs-2le", because it uses little
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endian UCS-2.
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There are a few encodings which are similar, but not exactly the same. Vim
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treats them as if they were different encodings, so that conversion will be
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done when needed. You might want to use the similar name to avoid conversion
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or when conversion is not possible:
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cp932, shift-jis, sjis
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cp936, euc-cn
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CONVERSION *charset-conversion*
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Vim will automatically convert from one to another encoding in several places:
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- When reading a file and 'fileencoding' is different from "utf-8"
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- When writing a file and 'fileencoding' is different from "utf-8"
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- When displaying messages and the encoding used for LC_MESSAGES differs from
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"utf-8" (requires a gettext version that supports this).
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- When reading a Vim script where |:scriptencoding| is different from
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"utf-8".
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Most of these require iconv. Conversion for reading and writing files may
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also be specified with the 'charconvert' option.
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Useful utilities for converting the charset:
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All: iconv
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GNU iconv can convert most encodings. Unicode is used as the
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intermediate encoding, which allows conversion from and to all other
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encodings. See https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Libiconv.
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*mbyte-conversion*
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When reading and writing files in an encoding different from "utf-8",
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conversion needs to be done. These conversions are supported:
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- All conversions between Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1), UTF-8, UCS-2 and UCS-4 are
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handled internally.
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- For MS-Windows, conversion from and
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to any codepage should work.
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- Conversion specified with 'charconvert'
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- Conversion with the iconv library, if it is available.
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Old versions of GNU iconv() may cause the conversion to fail (they
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request a very large buffer, more than Vim is willing to provide).
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Try getting another iconv() implementation.
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==============================================================================
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Input with a keymap *mbyte-keymap*
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When the keyboard doesn't produce the characters you want to enter in your
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text, you can use the 'keymap' option. This will translate one or more
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(English) characters to another (non-English) character. This only happens
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when typing text, not when typing Vim commands. This avoids having to switch
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between two keyboard settings.
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The value of the 'keymap' option specifies a keymap file to use. The name of
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this file is one of these two:
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keymap/{keymap}_utf-8.vim
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keymap/{keymap}.vim
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Here {keymap} is the value of the 'keymap' option.
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The file name with "utf-8" included is tried first.
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'runtimepath' is used to find these files. To see an overview of all
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available keymap files, use this: >
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:echo globpath(&rtp, "keymap/*.vim")
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In Insert and Command-line mode you can use CTRL-^ to toggle between using the
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keyboard map or not. |i_CTRL-^| |c_CTRL-^|
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This flag is remembered for Insert mode with the 'iminsert' option. When
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leaving and entering Insert mode the previous value is used. The same value
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is also used for commands that take a single character argument, like |f| and
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|r|.
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For Command-line mode the flag is NOT remembered. You are expected to type an
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Ex command first, which is ASCII.
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For typing search patterns the 'imsearch' option is used. It can be set to
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use the same value as for 'iminsert'.
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*lCursor*
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It is possible to give the GUI cursor another color when the language mappings
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are being used. This is disabled by default, to avoid that the cursor becomes
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invisible when you use a non-standard background color. Here is an example to
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use a brightly colored cursor: >
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:highlight Cursor guifg=NONE guibg=Green
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:highlight lCursor guifg=NONE guibg=Cyan
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<
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*keymap-file-format* *:loadk* *:loadkeymap* *E105* *E791*
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The keymap file looks something like this: >
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" Maintainer: name <email@address>
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" Last Changed: 2001 Jan 1
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let b:keymap_name = "short"
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loadkeymap
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a A
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b B comment
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The lines starting with a " are comments and will be ignored. Blank lines are
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also ignored. The lines with the mappings may have a comment after the useful
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text.
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The "b:keymap_name" can be set to a short name, which will be shown in the
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status line. The idea is that this takes less room than the value of
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'keymap', which might be long to distinguish between different languages,
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keyboards and encodings.
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The actual mappings are in the lines below "loadkeymap". In the example "a"
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is mapped to "A" and "b" to "B". Thus the first item is mapped to the second
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item. This is done for each line, until the end of the file.
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These items are exactly the same as what can be used in a |:lmap| command,
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using "<buffer>" to make the mappings local to the buffer.
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You can check the result with this command: >
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:lmap
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The two items must be separated by white space. You cannot include white
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space inside an item, use the special names "<Tab>" and "<Space>" instead.
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The length of the two items together must not exceed 200 bytes.
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It's possible to have more than one character in the first column. This works
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like a dead key. Example: >
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'a á
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Since Vim doesn't know if the next character after a quote is really an "a",
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it will wait for the next character. To be able to insert a single quote,
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also add this line: >
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'' '
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Since the mapping is defined with |:lmap| the resulting quote will not be
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used for the start of another character defined in the 'keymap'.
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It can be used in a standard |:imap| mapping.
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The "accents" keymap uses this. *keymap-accents*
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The first column can also be in |<>| form:
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<C-c> Ctrl-C
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<A-c> Alt-c
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<A-C> Alt-C
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Note that the Alt mappings may not work, depending on your keyboard and
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terminal.
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Although it's possible to have more than one character in the second column,
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this is unusual. But you can use various ways to specify the character: >
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A a literal character
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A <char-97> decimal value
|
||
A <char-0x61> hexadecimal value
|
||
A <char-0141> octal value
|
||
x <Space> special key name
|
||
|
||
The characters are assumed to be encoded in UTF-8.
|
||
It's possible to use ":scriptencoding" when all characters are given
|
||
literally. That doesn't work when using the <char-> construct, because the
|
||
conversion is done on the keymap file, not on the resulting character.
|
||
|
||
The lines after "loadkeymap" are interpreted with 'cpoptions' set to "C".
|
||
This means that continuation lines are not used and a backslash has a special
|
||
meaning in the mappings. Examples: >
|
||
|
||
" a comment line
|
||
\" x maps " to x
|
||
\\ y maps \ to y
|
||
|
||
If you write a keymap file that will be useful for others, consider submitting
|
||
it to the Vim maintainer for inclusion in the distribution:
|
||
<maintainer@vim.org>
|
||
|
||
|
||
HEBREW KEYMAP *keymap-hebrew*
|
||
|
||
This file explains what characters are available in UTF-8 and CP1255 encodings,
|
||
and what the keymaps are to get those characters:
|
||
|
||
glyph encoding keymap ~
|
||
Char UTF-8 cp1255 hebrew hebrewp name ~
|
||
א 0x5d0 0xe0 t a ´alef
|
||
ב 0x5d1 0xe1 c b bet
|
||
ג 0x5d2 0xe2 d g gimel
|
||
ד 0x5d3 0xe3 s d dalet
|
||
ה 0x5d4 0xe4 v h he
|
||
ו 0x5d5 0xe5 u v vav
|
||
ז 0x5d6 0xe6 z z zayin
|
||
ח 0x5d7 0xe7 j j het
|
||
ט 0x5d8 0xe8 y T tet
|
||
י 0x5d9 0xe9 h y yod
|
||
ך 0x5da 0xea l K kaf sofit
|
||
כ 0x5db 0xeb f k kaf
|
||
ל 0x5dc 0xec k l lamed
|
||
ם 0x5dd 0xed o M mem sofit
|
||
מ 0x5de 0xee n m mem
|
||
ן 0x5df 0xef i N nun sofit
|
||
נ 0x5e0 0xf0 b n nun
|
||
ס 0x5e1 0xf1 x s samech
|
||
ע 0x5e2 0xf2 g u `ayin
|
||
ף 0x5e3 0xf3 ; P pe sofit
|
||
פ 0x5e4 0xf4 p p pe
|
||
ץ 0x5e5 0xf5 . X tsadi sofit
|
||
צ 0x5e6 0xf6 m x tsadi
|
||
ק 0x5e7 0xf7 e q qof
|
||
ר 0x5e8 0xf8 r r resh
|
||
ש 0x5e9 0xf9 a w shin
|
||
ת 0x5ea 0xfa , t tav
|
||
|
||
Vowel marks and special punctuation:
|
||
הְ 0x5b0 0xc0 A: A: sheva
|
||
הֱ 0x5b1 0xc1 HE HE hataf segol
|
||
הֲ 0x5b2 0xc2 HA HA hataf patah
|
||
הֳ 0x5b3 0xc3 HO HO hataf qamats
|
||
הִ 0x5b4 0xc4 I I hiriq
|
||
הֵ 0x5b5 0xc5 AY AY tsere
|
||
הֶ 0x5b6 0xc6 E E segol
|
||
הַ 0x5b7 0xc7 AA AA patah
|
||
הָ 0x5b8 0xc8 AO AO qamats
|
||
הֹ 0x5b9 0xc9 O O holam
|
||
הֻ 0x5bb 0xcb U U qubuts
|
||
כּ 0x5bc 0xcc D D dagesh
|
||
הֽ 0x5bd 0xcd ]T ]T meteg
|
||
ה־ 0x5be 0xce ]Q ]Q maqaf
|
||
בֿ 0x5bf 0xcf ]R ]R rafe
|
||
ב׀ 0x5c0 0xd0 ]p ]p paseq
|
||
שׁ 0x5c1 0xd1 SR SR shin-dot
|
||
שׂ 0x5c2 0xd2 SL SL sin-dot
|
||
׃ 0x5c3 0xd3 ]P ]P sof-pasuq
|
||
װ 0x5f0 0xd4 VV VV double-vav
|
||
ױ 0x5f1 0xd5 VY VY vav-yod
|
||
ײ 0x5f2 0xd6 YY YY yod-yod
|
||
|
||
The following are only available in UTF-8
|
||
|
||
Cantillation marks:
|
||
glyph
|
||
Char UTF-8 hebrew name
|
||
ב֑ 0x591 C: etnahta
|
||
ב֒ 0x592 Cs segol
|
||
ב֓ 0x593 CS shalshelet
|
||
ב֔ 0x594 Cz zaqef qatan
|
||
ב֕ 0x595 CZ zaqef gadol
|
||
ב֖ 0x596 Ct tipeha
|
||
ב֗ 0x597 Cr revia
|
||
ב֘ 0x598 Cq zarqa
|
||
ב֙ 0x599 Cp pashta
|
||
ב֚ 0x59a C! yetiv
|
||
ב֛ 0x59b Cv tevir
|
||
ב֜ 0x59c Cg geresh
|
||
ב֝ 0x59d C* geresh qadim
|
||
ב֞ 0x59e CG gershayim
|
||
ב֟ 0x59f CP qarnei-parah
|
||
ב֪ 0x5aa Cy yerach-ben-yomo
|
||
ב֫ 0x5ab Co ole
|
||
ב֬ 0x5ac Ci iluy
|
||
ב֭ 0x5ad Cd dehi
|
||
ב֮ 0x5ae Cn zinor
|
||
ב֯ 0x5af CC masora circle
|
||
|
||
Combining forms:
|
||
ﬠ 0xfb20 X` Alternative `ayin
|
||
ﬡ 0xfb21 X' Alternative ´alef
|
||
ﬢ 0xfb22 X-d Alternative dalet
|
||
ﬣ 0xfb23 X-h Alternative he
|
||
ﬤ 0xfb24 X-k Alternative kaf
|
||
ﬥ 0xfb25 X-l Alternative lamed
|
||
ﬦ 0xfb26 X-m Alternative mem-sofit
|
||
ﬧ 0xfb27 X-r Alternative resh
|
||
ﬨ 0xfb28 X-t Alternative tav
|
||
﬩ 0xfb29 X-+ Alternative plus
|
||
שׁ 0xfb2a XW shin+shin-dot
|
||
שׂ 0xfb2b Xw shin+sin-dot
|
||
שּׁ 0xfb2c X..W shin+shin-dot+dagesh
|
||
שּׂ 0xfb2d X..w shin+sin-dot+dagesh
|
||
אַ 0xfb2e XA alef+patah
|
||
אָ 0xfb2f XO alef+qamats
|
||
אּ 0xfb30 XI alef+hiriq (mapiq)
|
||
בּ 0xfb31 X.b bet+dagesh
|
||
גּ 0xfb32 X.g gimel+dagesh
|
||
דּ 0xfb33 X.d dalet+dagesh
|
||
הּ 0xfb34 X.h he+dagesh
|
||
וּ 0xfb35 Xu vav+dagesh
|
||
זּ 0xfb36 X.z zayin+dagesh
|
||
טּ 0xfb38 X.T tet+dagesh
|
||
יּ 0xfb39 X.y yud+dagesh
|
||
ךּ 0xfb3a X.K kaf sofit+dagesh
|
||
כּ 0xfb3b X.k kaf+dagesh
|
||
לּ 0xfb3c X.l lamed+dagesh
|
||
מּ 0xfb3e X.m mem+dagesh
|
||
נּ 0xfb40 X.n nun+dagesh
|
||
סּ 0xfb41 X.s samech+dagesh
|
||
ףּ 0xfb43 X.P pe sofit+dagesh
|
||
פּ 0xfb44 X.p pe+dagesh
|
||
צּ 0xfb46 X.x tsadi+dagesh
|
||
קּ 0xfb47 X.q qof+dagesh
|
||
רּ 0xfb48 X.r resh+dagesh
|
||
שּ 0xfb49 X.w shin+dagesh
|
||
תּ 0xfb4a X.t tav+dagesh
|
||
וֹ 0xfb4b Xo vav+holam
|
||
בֿ 0xfb4c XRb bet+rafe
|
||
כֿ 0xfb4d XRk kaf+rafe
|
||
פֿ 0xfb4e XRp pe+rafe
|
||
ﭏ 0xfb4f Xal alef-lamed
|
||
|
||
==============================================================================
|
||
Using UTF-8 *mbyte-utf8* *UTF-8* *utf-8* *utf8*
|
||
*Unicode* *unicode*
|
||
The Unicode character set was designed to include all characters from other
|
||
character sets. Therefore it is possible to write text in any language using
|
||
Unicode (with a few rarely used languages excluded). And it's mostly possible
|
||
to mix these languages in one file, which is impossible with other encodings.
|
||
|
||
Unicode can be encoded in several ways. The most popular one is UTF-8, which
|
||
uses one or more bytes for each character and is backwards compatible with
|
||
ASCII. On MS-Windows UTF-16 is also used (previously UCS-2), which uses
|
||
16-bit words. Vim can support all of these encodings, but always uses UTF-8
|
||
internally.
|
||
|
||
Vim has comprehensive UTF-8 support. It works well in:
|
||
- xterm with UTF-8 support enabled
|
||
- MS-Windows GUI
|
||
- several other platforms
|
||
|
||
Double-width characters are supported. Works best with 'guifontwide'. When
|
||
using only 'guifont' the wide characters are drawn in the normal width and
|
||
a space to fill the gap.
|
||
|
||
*bom-bytes*
|
||
When reading a file a BOM (Byte Order Mark) can be used to recognize the
|
||
Unicode encoding:
|
||
EF BB BF UTF-8
|
||
FE FF UTF-16 big endian
|
||
FF FE UTF-16 little endian
|
||
00 00 FE FF UTF-32 big endian
|
||
FF FE 00 00 UTF-32 little endian
|
||
|
||
UTF-8 is the recommended encoding. Note that it's difficult to tell UTF-16
|
||
and UTF-32 apart. UTF-16 is often used on MS-Windows, UTF-32 is not
|
||
widespread as file format.
|
||
|
||
|
||
*mbyte-combining* *mbyte-composing*
|
||
A composing or combining character is used to change the meaning of the
|
||
character before it. The combining characters are drawn on top of the
|
||
preceding character.
|
||
Too big combined characters cannot be displayed, but they can still be
|
||
inspected using the |g8| and |ga| commands described below.
|
||
When editing text a composing character is mostly considered part of the
|
||
preceding character. For example "x" will delete a character and its
|
||
following composing characters by default.
|
||
If the 'delcombine' option is on, then pressing 'x' will delete the combining
|
||
characters, one at a time, then the base character. But when inserting, you
|
||
type the first character and the following composing characters separately,
|
||
after which they will be joined. The "r" command will not allow you to type a
|
||
combining character, because it doesn't know one is coming. Use "R" instead.
|
||
|
||
Bytes which are not part of a valid UTF-8 byte sequence are handled like a
|
||
single character and displayed as <xx>, where "xx" is the hex value of the
|
||
byte.
|
||
|
||
Overlong sequences are not handled specially and displayed like a valid
|
||
character. However, search patterns may not match on an overlong sequence.
|
||
(an overlong sequence is where more bytes are used than required for the
|
||
character.) An exception is NUL (zero) which is displayed as "<00>".
|
||
|
||
In the file and buffer the full range of Unicode characters can be used (31
|
||
bits). However, displaying only works for the characters present in the
|
||
selected font.
|
||
|
||
Useful commands:
|
||
- "ga" shows the decimal, hexadecimal and octal value of the character under
|
||
the cursor. If there are composing characters these are shown too. (If the
|
||
message is truncated, use ":messages").
|
||
- "g8" shows the bytes used in a UTF-8 character, also the composing
|
||
characters, as hex numbers.
|
||
- ":set fileencodings=" forces using UTF-8 for all files. The
|
||
default is to automatically detect the encoding of a file.
|
||
|
||
|
||
STARTING VIM
|
||
|
||
You might want to select the font used for the menus. Unfortunately this
|
||
doesn't always work. See the system specific remarks below, and 'langmenu'.
|
||
|
||
|
||
USING UTF-8 IN X-Windows *utf-8-in-xwindows*
|
||
|
||
You need to specify a font to be used. For double-wide characters another
|
||
font is required, which is exactly twice as wide. There are three ways to do
|
||
this:
|
||
|
||
1. Set 'guifont' and let Vim find a matching 'guifontwide'
|
||
2. Set 'guifont' and 'guifontwide'
|
||
|
||
See the documentation for each option for details. Example: >
|
||
|
||
:set guifont=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--15-140-75-75-c-90-iso10646-1
|
||
|
||
You might also want to set the font used for the menus. This only works for
|
||
Motif. Use the ":hi Menu font={fontname}" command for this. |:highlight|
|
||
|
||
|
||
TYPING UTF-8 *utf-8-typing*
|
||
|
||
If you are using X-Windows, you should find an input method that supports
|
||
UTF-8.
|
||
|
||
If your system does not provide support for typing UTF-8, you can use the
|
||
'keymap' feature. This allows writing a keymap file, which defines a UTF-8
|
||
character as a sequence of ASCII characters. See |mbyte-keymap|.
|
||
|
||
If everything else fails, you can type any character as four hex bytes: >
|
||
|
||
CTRL-V u 1234
|
||
|
||
"1234" is interpreted as a hex number. You must type four characters, prepend
|
||
a zero if necessary.
|
||
|
||
|
||
COMMAND ARGUMENTS *utf-8-char-arg*
|
||
|
||
Commands like |f|, |F|, |t| and |r| take an argument of one character. For
|
||
UTF-8 this argument may include one or two composing characters. These need
|
||
to be produced together with the base character, Vim doesn't wait for the next
|
||
character to be typed to find out if it is a composing character or not.
|
||
Using 'keymap' or |:lmap| is a nice way to type these characters.
|
||
|
||
The commands that search for a character in a line handle composing characters
|
||
as follows. When searching for a character without a composing character,
|
||
this will find matches in the text with or without composing characters. When
|
||
searching for a character with a composing character, this will only find
|
||
matches with that composing character. It was implemented this way, because
|
||
not everybody is able to type a composing character.
|
||
|
||
|
||
==============================================================================
|
||
Overview of options *mbyte-options*
|
||
|
||
These options are relevant for editing multibyte files.
|
||
|
||
'fileencoding' Encoding of a file. When it's different from "utf-8"
|
||
conversion is done when reading or writing the file.
|
||
|
||
'fileencodings' List of possible encodings of a file. When opening a file
|
||
these will be tried and the first one that doesn't cause an
|
||
error is used for 'fileencoding'.
|
||
|
||
'charconvert' Expression used to convert files from one encoding to another.
|
||
|
||
'formatoptions' The 'm' flag can be included to have formatting break a line
|
||
at a multibyte character of 256 or higher. Thus is useful for
|
||
languages where a sequence of characters can be broken
|
||
anywhere.
|
||
|
||
'keymap' Specify the name of a keyboard mapping.
|
||
|
||
==============================================================================
|
||
|
||
Contributions specifically for the multibyte features by:
|
||
Chi-Deok Hwang <hwang@mizi.co.kr>
|
||
SungHyun Nam <goweol@gmail.com>
|
||
K.Nagano <nagano@atese.advantest.co.jp>
|
||
Taro Muraoka <koron@tka.att.ne.jp>
|
||
Yasuhiro Matsumoto <mattn@mail.goo.ne.jp>
|
||
|
||
vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl:
|