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371 lines
9.7 KiB
Groff
371 lines
9.7 KiB
Groff
.TH XXD 1 "August 1996" "Manual page for xxd"
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.\"
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.\" 21st May 1996
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.\" Man page author:
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.\" Tony Nugent <tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
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.\" Changes by Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>
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.SH NAME
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.I xxd
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\- make a hexdump or do the reverse.
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B xxd
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\-h[elp]
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.br
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.B xxd
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[options] [infile [outfile]]
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.br
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.B xxd
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\-r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]]
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.I xxd
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creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input.
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It can also convert a hex dump back to its original binary form.
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Like
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.BR uuencode (1)
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and
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.BR uudecode (1)
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it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail-safe' ASCII representation,
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but has the advantage of decoding to standard output.
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Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patching.
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.SH OPTIONS
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If no
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.I infile
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is given, standard input is read.
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If
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.I infile
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is specified as a
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.RB \` \- '
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character, then input is taken from standard input.
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If no
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.I outfile
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is given (or a
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.RB \` \- '
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character is in its place), results are sent to standard output.
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.PP
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Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than the first
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option letter, unless the option is followed by a parameter.
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Spaces between a single option letter and its parameter are optional.
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Parameters to options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal
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notation.
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Thus
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.BR \-c8 ,
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.BR "\-c 8" ,
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.B \-c 010
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and
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.B \-cols 8
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are all equivalent.
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.PP
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.TP
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.IR \-a " | " \-autoskip
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toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines. Default off.
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.TP
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.IR \-b " | " \-bits
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Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than hexdump.
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This option writes octets as eight digits "1"s and "0"s instead of a normal
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hexadecimal dump. Each line is preceded by a line number in hexadecimal and
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followed by an ascii (or ebcdic) representation. The command line switches
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\-r, \-p, \-i do not work with this mode.
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.TP
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.IR "\-c cols " | " \-cols cols"
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format
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.RI < cols >
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octets per line. Default 16 (\-i: 12, \-ps: 30, \-b: 6). Max 256.
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.TP
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.IR \-E " | " \-EBCDIC
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Change the character encoding in the righthand column from ASCII to EBCDIC.
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This does not change the hexadecimal representation. The option is
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meaningless in combinations with \-r, \-p or \-i.
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.TP
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.IR "\-g bytes " | " \-groupsize bytes"
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separate the output of every
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.RI < bytes >
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bytes (two hex characters or eight bit-digits each) by a whitespace.
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Specify
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.I \-g 0
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to suppress grouping.
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.RI < Bytes "> defaults to " 2
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in normal mode and \fI1\fP in bits mode.
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Grouping does not apply to postscript or include style.
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.TP
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.IR \-h " | " \-help
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print a summary of available commands and exit. No hex dumping is performed.
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.TP
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.IR \-i " | " \-include
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output in C include file style. A complete static array definition is written
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(named after the input file), unless xxd reads from stdin.
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.TP
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.IR "\-l len " | " \-len len"
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stop after writing
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.RI < len >
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octets.
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.TP
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.IR \-p " | " \-ps " | " \-postscript " | " \-plain
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output in postscript continuous hexdump style. Also known as plain hexdump
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style.
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.TP
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.IR \-r " | " \-revert
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reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into binary.
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If not writing to stdout, xxd writes into its output file without truncating
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it. Use the combination
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.I \-r \-p
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to read plain hexadecimal dumps without line number information and without a
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particular column layout. Additional Whitespace and line-breaks are allowed
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anywhere.
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.TP
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.I \-seek offset
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When used after
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.IR \-r :
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revert with
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.RI < offset >
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added to file positions found in hexdump.
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.TP
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.I \-s [+][\-]seek
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start at
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.RI < seek >
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bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset.
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\fI+ \fRindicates that the seek is relative to the current stdin file position
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(meaningless when not reading from stdin). \fI\- \fRindicates that the seek
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should be that many characters from the end of the input (or if combined with
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\fI+\fR: before the current stdin file position).
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Without \-s option, xxd starts at the current file position.
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.TP
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.I \-u
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use upper case hex letters. Default is lower case.
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.TP
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.IR \-v " | " \-version
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show version string.
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.SH CAVEATS
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.PP
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.I xxd \-r
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has some builtin magic while evaluating line number information.
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If the output file is seekable, then the linenumbers at the start of each
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hexdump line may be out of order, lines may be missing, or overlapping. In
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these cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If the output file is not
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seekable, only gaps are allowed, which will be filled by null-bytes.
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.PP
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.I xxd \-r
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never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently skipped.
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.PP
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When editing hexdumps, please note that
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.I xxd \-r
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skips everything on the input line after reading enough columns of hexadecimal
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data (see option \-c). This also means, that changes to the printable ascii (or
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ebcdic) columns are always ignored. Reverting a plain (or postscript) style
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hexdump with xxd \-r \-p does not depend on the correct number of columns. Here anything that looks like a pair of hex-digits is interpreted.
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.PP
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Note the difference between
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.br
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\fI% xxd \-i file\fR
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.br
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and
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.br
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\fI% xxd \-i < file\fR
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.PP
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.I xxd \-s +seek
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may be different from
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.IR "xxd \-s seek" ,
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as lseek(2) is used to "rewind" input. A '+'
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makes a difference if the input source is stdin, and if stdin's file position
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is not at the start of the file by the time xxd is started and given its input.
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The following examples may help to clarify (or further confuse!)...
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.PP
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Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read to the
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end of stdin.
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.br
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\fI% sh \-c "cat > plain_copy; xxd \-s 0 > hex_copy" < file\fR
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.PP
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Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards.
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The `+' sign means "relative to the current position", thus the `128' adds to
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the 1k where dd left off.
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.br
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\fI% sh \-c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd \-s +128 > hex_snippet" < file\fR
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.PP
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Hexdump from file position 0x100 ( = 1024\-768) on.
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.br
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\fI% sh \-c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd \-s +\-768 > hex_snippet" < file\fR
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.PP
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However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed.
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The author prefers to monitor the effect of xxd with strace(1) or truss(1), whenever \-s is used.
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.SH EXAMPLES
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.PP
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.br
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Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of
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.BR file .
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.br
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\fI% xxd \-s 0x30 file\fR
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.PP
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.br
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Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of
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.BR file .
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.br
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\fI% xxd \-s \-0x30 file\fR
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.PP
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.br
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Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 20 octets per line.
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.br
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\fI% xxd \-l 120 \-ps \-c 20 xxd.1\fR
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.br
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2e54482058584420312022417567757374203139
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.br
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39362220224d616e75616c207061676520666f72
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.br
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20787864220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d
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.br
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617920313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765
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.br
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20617574686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79
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.br
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204e7567656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567
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.br
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.br
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Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line.
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.br
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\fI% xxd \-l 120 \-c 12 xxd.1\fR
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.br
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0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 2241 .TH XXD 1 "A
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.br
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000000c: 7567 7573 7420 3139 3936 2220 ugust 1996"
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.br
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0000018: 224d 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 "Manual page
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.br
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0000024: 2066 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c for xxd"..\\
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.br
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0000030: 220a 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d "..\\" 21st M
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.br
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000003c: 6179 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 ay 1996..\\"
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.br
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0000048: 4d61 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 Man page aut
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.br
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0000054: 686f 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 hor:..\\"
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.br
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0000060: 546f 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 Tony Nugent
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.br
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000006c: 3c74 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 <tony@sctnug
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.PP
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.br
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Display just the date from the file xxd.1
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.br
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\fI% xxd \-s 0x36 \-l 13 \-c 13 xxd.1\fR
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.br
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0000036: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 21st May 1996
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.PP
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.br
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Copy
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.B input_file
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to
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.B output_file
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and prepend 100 bytes of value 0x00.
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.br
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\fI% xxd input_file | xxd \-r \-s 100 > output_file\fR
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.br
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.br
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Patch the date in the file xxd.1
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.br
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\fI% echo "0000037: 3574 68" | xxd \-r \- xxd.1\fR
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.br
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\fI% xxd \-s 0x36 \-l 13 \-c 13 xxd.1\fR
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.br
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0000036: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 25th May 1996
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.PP
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.br
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Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00,
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except for the last one which is 'A' (hex 0x41).
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.br
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\fI% echo "010000: 41" | xxd \-r > file\fR
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.PP
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.br
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Hexdump this file with autoskip.
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.br
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\fI% xxd \-a \-c 12 file\fR
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.br
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0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............
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.br
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*
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.br
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000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A
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.PP
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Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character.
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The number after '\-r \-s' adds to the linenumbers found in the file;
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in effect, the leading bytes are suppressed.
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.br
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\fI% echo "010000: 41" | xxd \-r \-s \-0x10000 > file\fR
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.PP
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Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as
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.B vim(1)
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to hexdump a region marked between `a' and `z'.
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.br
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\fI:'a,'z!xxd\fR
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.PP
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Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as
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.B vim(1)
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to recover a binary hexdump marked between `a' and `z'.
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.br
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\fI:'a,'z!xxd \-r\fR
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.PP
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Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as
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.B vim(1)
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to recover one line of a hexdump. Move the cursor over the line and type:
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.br
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\fI!!xxd \-r\fR
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.PP
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Read single characters from a serial line
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.br
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\fI% xxd \-c1 < /dev/term/b &\fR
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.br
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\fI% stty < /dev/term/b \-echo \-opost \-isig \-icanon min 1\fR
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.br
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\fI% echo \-n foo > /dev/term/b\fR
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.PP
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.SH "RETURN VALUES"
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The following error values are returned:
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.TP
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0
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no errors encountered.
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.TP
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\-1
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operation not supported (
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.I xxd \-r \-i
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still impossible).
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.TP
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1
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error while parsing options.
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.TP
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2
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problems with input file.
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.TP
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3
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problems with output file.
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.TP
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4,5
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desired seek position is unreachable.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1)
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.br
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.SH WARNINGS
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The tools weirdness matches its creators brain.
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Use entirely at your own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a wizard.
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.br
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.SH VERSION
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This manual page documents xxd version 1.7
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.SH AUTHOR
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.br
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(c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert
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.br
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<jnweiger@informatik.uni\-erlangen.de>
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.LP
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Distribute freely and credit me,
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.br
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make money and share with me,
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.br
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lose money and don't ask me.
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.PP
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Manual page started by Tony Nugent
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.br
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<tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
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.br
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Small changes by Bram Moolenaar.
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Edited by Juergen Weigert.
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.PP
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