diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/_meta/api_keysets.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/_meta/api_keysets.lua
index 00d3ff5bb4..c9ef4e9b4f 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/_meta/api_keysets.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/_meta/api_keysets.lua
@@ -274,6 +274,7 @@ error('Cannot require a meta file')
 --- @field ui_watched? boolean
 --- @field undo_restore? boolean
 --- @field url? string
+--- @field _subpriority? integer
 
 --- @class vim.api.keyset.user_command
 --- @field addr? any
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/extmark.c b/src/nvim/api/extmark.c
index 27a4b7854f..4e84b41a02 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/extmark.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/extmark.c
@@ -748,20 +748,32 @@ Integer nvim_buf_set_extmark(Buffer buffer, Integer ns_id, Integer line, Integer
       col2 = c;
     }
 
+    DecorPriority subpriority = DECOR_PRIORITY_BASE;
+    if (HAS_KEY(opts, set_extmark, _subpriority)) {
+      VALIDATE_RANGE((opts->_subpriority >= 0 && opts->_subpriority <= UINT16_MAX),
+                     "_subpriority", {
+        goto error;
+      });
+      subpriority = (DecorPriority)opts->_subpriority;
+    }
+
     if (kv_size(virt_text.data.virt_text)) {
-      decor_range_add_virt(&decor_state, r, c, line2, col2, decor_put_vt(virt_text, NULL), true);
+      decor_range_add_virt(&decor_state, r, c, line2, col2, decor_put_vt(virt_text, NULL), true,
+                           subpriority);
     }
     if (kv_size(virt_lines.data.virt_lines)) {
-      decor_range_add_virt(&decor_state, r, c, line2, col2, decor_put_vt(virt_lines, NULL), true);
+      decor_range_add_virt(&decor_state, r, c, line2, col2, decor_put_vt(virt_lines, NULL), true,
+                           subpriority);
     }
     if (url != NULL) {
       DecorSignHighlight sh = DECOR_SIGN_HIGHLIGHT_INIT;
       sh.url = url;
-      decor_range_add_sh(&decor_state, r, c, line2, col2, &sh, true, 0, 0);
+      decor_range_add_sh(&decor_state, r, c, line2, col2, &sh, true, 0, 0, subpriority);
     }
     if (has_hl) {
       DecorSignHighlight sh = decor_sh_from_inline(hl);
-      decor_range_add_sh(&decor_state, r, c, line2, col2, &sh, true, (uint32_t)ns_id, id);
+      decor_range_add_sh(&decor_state, r, c, line2, col2, &sh, true, (uint32_t)ns_id, id,
+                         subpriority);
     }
   } else {
     if (opts->ephemeral) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/keysets_defs.h b/src/nvim/api/keysets_defs.h
index 811f60f4d6..85896c1fa7 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/keysets_defs.h
+++ b/src/nvim/api/keysets_defs.h
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ typedef struct {
   Boolean ui_watched;
   Boolean undo_restore;
   String url;
+
+  Integer _subpriority;
 } Dict(set_extmark);
 
 typedef struct {
diff --git a/src/nvim/decoration.c b/src/nvim/decoration.c
index 755655856d..5358241644 100644
--- a/src/nvim/decoration.c
+++ b/src/nvim/decoration.c
@@ -449,18 +449,21 @@ static void decor_range_add_from_inline(DecorState *state, int start_row, int st
   if (decor.ext) {
     DecorVirtText *vt = decor.data.ext.vt;
     while (vt) {
-      decor_range_add_virt(state, start_row, start_col, end_row, end_col, vt, owned);
+      decor_range_add_virt(state, start_row, start_col, end_row, end_col, vt, owned,
+                           DECOR_PRIORITY_BASE);
       vt = vt->next;
     }
     uint32_t idx = decor.data.ext.sh_idx;
     while (idx != DECOR_ID_INVALID) {
       DecorSignHighlight *sh = &kv_A(decor_items, idx);
-      decor_range_add_sh(state, start_row, start_col, end_row, end_col, sh, owned, ns, mark_id);
+      decor_range_add_sh(state, start_row, start_col, end_row, end_col, sh, owned, ns, mark_id,
+                         DECOR_PRIORITY_BASE);
       idx = sh->next;
     }
   } else {
     DecorSignHighlight sh = decor_sh_from_inline(decor.data.hl);
-    decor_range_add_sh(state, start_row, start_col, end_row, end_col, &sh, owned, ns, mark_id);
+    decor_range_add_sh(state, start_row, start_col, end_row, end_col, &sh, owned, ns, mark_id,
+                       DECOR_PRIORITY_BASE);
   }
 }
 
@@ -470,7 +473,8 @@ static void decor_range_insert(DecorState *state, DecorRange range)
   size_t index;
   for (index = kv_size(state->active) - 1; index > 0; index--) {
     DecorRange item = kv_A(state->active, index - 1);
-    if (item.priority <= range.priority) {
+    if ((item.priority < range.priority)
+        || ((item.priority == range.priority) && (item.subpriority <= range.subpriority))) {
       break;
     }
     kv_A(state->active, index) = kv_A(state->active, index - 1);
@@ -479,7 +483,7 @@ static void decor_range_insert(DecorState *state, DecorRange range)
 }
 
 void decor_range_add_virt(DecorState *state, int start_row, int start_col, int end_row, int end_col,
-                          DecorVirtText *vt, bool owned)
+                          DecorVirtText *vt, bool owned, DecorPriority subpriority)
 {
   bool is_lines = vt->flags & kVTIsLines;
   DecorRange range = {
@@ -489,13 +493,15 @@ void decor_range_add_virt(DecorState *state, int start_row, int start_col, int e
     .attr_id = 0,
     .owned = owned,
     .priority = vt->priority,
+    .subpriority = subpriority,
     .draw_col = -10,
   };
   decor_range_insert(state, range);
 }
 
 void decor_range_add_sh(DecorState *state, int start_row, int start_col, int end_row, int end_col,
-                        DecorSignHighlight *sh, bool owned, uint32_t ns, uint32_t mark_id)
+                        DecorSignHighlight *sh, bool owned, uint32_t ns, uint32_t mark_id,
+                        DecorPriority subpriority)
 {
   if (sh->flags & kSHIsSign) {
     return;
@@ -508,6 +514,7 @@ void decor_range_add_sh(DecorState *state, int start_row, int start_col, int end
     .attr_id = 0,
     .owned = owned,
     .priority = sh->priority,
+    .subpriority = subpriority,
     .draw_col = -10,
   };
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/decoration.h b/src/nvim/decoration.h
index b3ff737123..e70c588806 100644
--- a/src/nvim/decoration.h
+++ b/src/nvim/decoration.h
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ typedef struct {
   int attr_id;  ///< cached lookup of inl.hl_id if it was a highlight
   bool owned;   ///< ephemeral decoration, free memory immediately
   DecorPriority priority;
+  DecorPriority subpriority;  ///< Secondary priority value used for ordering (#27131).
+                              ///< Reflects the order of patterns/captures in the query file.
   DecorRangeKind kind;
   /// Screen column to draw the virtual text.
   /// When -1, the virtual text may be drawn after deciding where.
diff --git a/test/functional/api/extmark_spec.lua b/test/functional/api/extmark_spec.lua
index 0a286965f2..2acfbfc949 100644
--- a/test/functional/api/extmark_spec.lua
+++ b/test/functional/api/extmark_spec.lua
@@ -1798,6 +1798,36 @@ describe('API/extmarks', function()
     eq(1, #extmarks)
     eq('https://example.com', extmarks[1][4].url)
   end)
+
+  it('respects priority', function()
+    screen = Screen.new(15, 10)
+    screen:attach()
+
+    set_extmark(ns, marks[1], 0, 0, {
+      hl_group = 'Comment',
+      end_col = 2,
+      priority = 20,
+    })
+
+    -- Extmark defined after first extmark but has lower priority, first extmark "wins"
+    set_extmark(ns, marks[2], 0, 0, {
+      hl_group = 'String',
+      end_col = 2,
+      priority = 10,
+    })
+
+    screen:expect {
+      grid = [[
+      {1:12}34^5          |
+      {2:~              }|*8
+                     |
+    ]],
+      attr_ids = {
+        [1] = { foreground = Screen.colors.Blue1 },
+        [2] = { foreground = Screen.colors.Blue1, bold = true },
+      },
+    }
+  end)
 end)
 
 describe('Extmarks buffer api with many marks', function()
diff --git a/test/functional/ui/decorations_spec.lua b/test/functional/ui/decorations_spec.lua
index 7b3533454c..cb804f056d 100644
--- a/test/functional/ui/decorations_spec.lua
+++ b/test/functional/ui/decorations_spec.lua
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ describe('decorations providers', function()
     ]]}
   end)
 
-   it('can add new providers during redraw #26652', function()
+  it('can add new providers during redraw #26652', function()
     setup_provider [[
     local ns = api.nvim_create_namespace('test_no_add')
     function on_do(...)
@@ -697,6 +697,47 @@ describe('decorations providers', function()
 
     helpers.assert_alive()
   end)
+
+  it('supports subpriorities (order of definitions in a query file #27131)', function()
+    insert(mulholland)
+    setup_provider [[
+      local test_ns = api.nvim_create_namespace('mulholland')
+      function on_do(event, ...)
+        if event == "line" then
+          local win, buf, line = ...
+          api.nvim_buf_set_extmark(buf, test_ns, line, 0, {
+            end_row = line + 1,
+            hl_eol = true,
+            hl_group = 'Comment',
+            ephemeral = true,
+            priority = 100,
+            _subpriority = 20,
+          })
+
+          -- This extmark is set last but has a lower subpriority, so the first extmark "wins"
+          api.nvim_buf_set_extmark(buf, test_ns, line, 0, {
+            end_row = line + 1,
+            hl_eol = true,
+            hl_group = 'String',
+            ephemeral = true,
+            priority = 100,
+            _subpriority = 10,
+          })
+        end
+      end
+    ]]
+
+    screen:expect{grid=[[
+      {4:// just to see if there was an accident }|
+      {4:// on Mulholland Drive                  }|
+      {4:try_start();                            }|
+      {4:bufref_T save_buf;                      }|
+      {4:switch_buffer(&save_buf, buf);          }|
+      {4:posp = getmark(mark, false);            }|
+      {4:restore_buffer(&save_buf);^              }|
+                                              |
+    ]]}
+  end)
 end)
 
 local example_text = [[