1da177e4c3
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history, even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about 3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good infrastructure for it. Let it rip!
767 lines
27 KiB
Plaintext
767 lines
27 KiB
Plaintext
HISTORY:
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February 16/2002 -- revision 0.2.1:
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COR typo corrected
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February 10/2002 -- revision 0.2:
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some spell checking ;->
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January 12/2002 -- revision 0.1
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This is still work in progress so may change.
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To keep up to date please watch this space.
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Introduction to NAPI
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====================
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NAPI is a proven (www.cyberus.ca/~hadi/usenix-paper.tgz) technique
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to improve network performance on Linux. For more details please
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read that paper.
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NAPI provides a "inherent mitigation" which is bound by system capacity
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as can be seen from the following data collected by Robert on Gigabit
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ethernet (e1000):
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Psize Ipps Tput Rxint Txint Done Ndone
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---------------------------------------------------------------
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60 890000 409362 17 27622 7 6823
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128 758150 464364 21 9301 10 7738
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256 445632 774646 42 15507 21 12906
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512 232666 994445 241292 19147 241192 1062
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1024 119061 1000003 872519 19258 872511 0
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1440 85193 1000003 946576 19505 946569 0
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Legend:
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"Ipps" stands for input packets per second.
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"Tput" == packets out of total 1M that made it out.
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"txint" == transmit completion interrupts seen
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"Done" == The number of times that the poll() managed to pull all
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packets out of the rx ring. Note from this that the lower the
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load the more we could clean up the rxring
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"Ndone" == is the converse of "Done". Note again, that the higher
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the load the more times we couldnt clean up the rxring.
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Observe that:
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when the NIC receives 890Kpackets/sec only 17 rx interrupts are generated.
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The system cant handle the processing at 1 interrupt/packet at that load level.
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At lower rates on the other hand, rx interrupts go up and therefore the
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interrupt/packet ratio goes up (as observable from that table). So there is
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possibility that under low enough input, you get one poll call for each
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input packet caused by a single interrupt each time. And if the system
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cant handle interrupt per packet ratio of 1, then it will just have to
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chug along ....
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0) Prerequisites:
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==================
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A driver MAY continue using the old 2.4 technique for interfacing
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to the network stack and not benefit from the NAPI changes.
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NAPI additions to the kernel do not break backward compatibility.
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NAPI, however, requires the following features to be available:
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A) DMA ring or enough RAM to store packets in software devices.
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B) Ability to turn off interrupts or maybe events that send packets up
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the stack.
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NAPI processes packet events in what is known as dev->poll() method.
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Typically, only packet receive events are processed in dev->poll().
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The rest of the events MAY be processed by the regular interrupt handler
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to reduce processing latency (justified also because there are not that
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many of them).
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Note, however, NAPI does not enforce that dev->poll() only processes
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receive events.
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Tests with the tulip driver indicated slightly increased latency if
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all of the interrupt handler is moved to dev->poll(). Also MII handling
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gets a little trickier.
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The example used in this document is to move the receive processing only
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to dev->poll(); this is shown with the patch for the tulip driver.
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For an example of code that moves all the interrupt driver to
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dev->poll() look at the ported e1000 code.
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There are caveats that might force you to go with moving everything to
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dev->poll(). Different NICs work differently depending on their status/event
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acknowledgement setup.
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There are two types of event register ACK mechanisms.
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I) what is known as Clear-on-read (COR).
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when you read the status/event register, it clears everything!
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The natsemi and sunbmac NICs are known to do this.
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In this case your only choice is to move all to dev->poll()
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II) Clear-on-write (COW)
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i) you clear the status by writing a 1 in the bit-location you want.
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These are the majority of the NICs and work the best with NAPI.
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Put only receive events in dev->poll(); leave the rest in
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the old interrupt handler.
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ii) whatever you write in the status register clears every thing ;->
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Cant seem to find any supported by Linux which do this. If
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someone knows such a chip email us please.
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Move all to dev->poll()
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C) Ability to detect new work correctly.
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NAPI works by shutting down event interrupts when theres work and
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turning them on when theres none.
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New packets might show up in the small window while interrupts were being
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re-enabled (refer to appendix 2). A packet might sneak in during the period
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we are enabling interrupts. We only get to know about such a packet when the
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next new packet arrives and generates an interrupt.
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Essentially, there is a small window of opportunity for a race condition
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which for clarity we'll refer to as the "rotting packet".
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This is a very important topic and appendix 2 is dedicated for more
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discussion.
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Locking rules and environmental guarantees
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==========================================
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-Guarantee: Only one CPU at any time can call dev->poll(); this is because
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only one CPU can pick the initial interrupt and hence the initial
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netif_rx_schedule(dev);
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- The core layer invokes devices to send packets in a round robin format.
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This implies receive is totaly lockless because of the guarantee only that
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one CPU is executing it.
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- contention can only be the result of some other CPU accessing the rx
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ring. This happens only in close() and suspend() (when these methods
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try to clean the rx ring);
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****guarantee: driver authors need not worry about this; synchronization
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is taken care for them by the top net layer.
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-local interrupts are enabled (if you dont move all to dev->poll()). For
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example link/MII and txcomplete continue functioning just same old way.
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This improves the latency of processing these events. It is also assumed that
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the receive interrupt is the largest cause of noise. Note this might not
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always be true.
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[according to Manfred Spraul, the winbond insists on sending one
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txmitcomplete interrupt for each packet (although this can be mitigated)].
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For these broken drivers, move all to dev->poll().
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For the rest of this text, we'll assume that dev->poll() only
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processes receive events.
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new methods introduce by NAPI
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=============================
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a) netif_rx_schedule(dev)
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Called by an IRQ handler to schedule a poll for device
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b) netif_rx_schedule_prep(dev)
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puts the device in a state which allows for it to be added to the
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CPU polling list if it is up and running. You can look at this as
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the first half of netif_rx_schedule(dev) above; the second half
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being c) below.
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c) __netif_rx_schedule(dev)
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Add device to the poll list for this CPU; assuming that _prep above
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has already been called and returned 1.
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d) netif_rx_reschedule(dev, undo)
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Called to reschedule polling for device specifically for some
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deficient hardware. Read Appendix 2 for more details.
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e) netif_rx_complete(dev)
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Remove interface from the CPU poll list: it must be in the poll list
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on current cpu. This primitive is called by dev->poll(), when
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it completes its work. The device cannot be out of poll list at this
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call, if it is then clearly it is a BUG(). You'll know ;->
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All these above nethods are used below. So keep reading for clarity.
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Device driver changes to be made when porting NAPI
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==================================================
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Below we describe what kind of changes are required for NAPI to work.
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1) introduction of dev->poll() method
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=====================================
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This is the method that is invoked by the network core when it requests
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for new packets from the driver. A driver is allowed to send upto
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dev->quota packets by the current CPU before yielding to the network
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subsystem (so other devices can also get opportunity to send to the stack).
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dev->poll() prototype looks as follows:
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int my_poll(struct net_device *dev, int *budget)
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budget is the remaining number of packets the network subsystem on the
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current CPU can send up the stack before yielding to other system tasks.
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*Each driver is responsible for decrementing budget by the total number of
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packets sent.
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Total number of packets cannot exceed dev->quota.
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dev->poll() method is invoked by the top layer, the driver just sends if it
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can to the stack the packet quantity requested.
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more on dev->poll() below after the interrupt changes are explained.
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2) registering dev->poll() method
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===================================
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dev->poll should be set in the dev->probe() method.
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e.g:
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dev->open = my_open;
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.
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.
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/* two new additions */
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/* first register my poll method */
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dev->poll = my_poll;
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/* next register my weight/quanta; can be overridden in /proc */
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dev->weight = 16;
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.
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.
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dev->stop = my_close;
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3) scheduling dev->poll()
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=============================
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This involves modifying the interrupt handler and the code
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path which takes the packet off the NIC and sends them to the
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stack.
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it's important at this point to introduce the classical D Becker
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interrupt processor:
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------------------
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static irqreturn_t
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netdevice_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
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{
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struct net_device *dev = (struct net_device *)dev_instance;
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struct my_private *tp = (struct my_private *)dev->priv;
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int work_count = my_work_count;
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status = read_interrupt_status_reg();
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if (status == 0)
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return IRQ_NONE; /* Shared IRQ: not us */
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if (status == 0xffff)
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return IRQ_HANDLED; /* Hot unplug */
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if (status & error)
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do_some_error_handling()
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do {
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acknowledge_ints_ASAP();
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if (status & link_interrupt) {
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spin_lock(&tp->link_lock);
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do_some_link_stat_stuff();
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spin_lock(&tp->link_lock);
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}
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if (status & rx_interrupt) {
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receive_packets(dev);
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}
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if (status & rx_nobufs) {
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make_rx_buffs_avail();
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}
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if (status & tx_related) {
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spin_lock(&tp->lock);
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tx_ring_free(dev);
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if (tx_died)
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restart_tx();
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spin_unlock(&tp->lock);
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}
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status = read_interrupt_status_reg();
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} while (!(status & error) || more_work_to_be_done);
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return IRQ_HANDLED;
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}
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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We now change this to what is shown below to NAPI-enable it:
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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static irqreturn_t
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netdevice_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
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{
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struct net_device *dev = (struct net_device *)dev_instance;
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struct my_private *tp = (struct my_private *)dev->priv;
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status = read_interrupt_status_reg();
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if (status == 0)
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return IRQ_NONE; /* Shared IRQ: not us */
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if (status == 0xffff)
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return IRQ_HANDLED; /* Hot unplug */
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if (status & error)
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do_some_error_handling();
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do {
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/************************ start note *********************************/
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acknowledge_ints_ASAP(); // dont ack rx and rxnobuff here
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/************************ end note *********************************/
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if (status & link_interrupt) {
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spin_lock(&tp->link_lock);
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do_some_link_stat_stuff();
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spin_unlock(&tp->link_lock);
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}
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/************************ start note *********************************/
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if (status & rx_interrupt || (status & rx_nobuffs)) {
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if (netif_rx_schedule_prep(dev)) {
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/* disable interrupts caused
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* by arriving packets */
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disable_rx_and_rxnobuff_ints();
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/* tell system we have work to be done. */
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__netif_rx_schedule(dev);
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} else {
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printk("driver bug! interrupt while in poll\n");
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/* FIX by disabling interrupts */
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disable_rx_and_rxnobuff_ints();
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}
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}
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/************************ end note note *********************************/
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if (status & tx_related) {
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spin_lock(&tp->lock);
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tx_ring_free(dev);
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if (tx_died)
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restart_tx();
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spin_unlock(&tp->lock);
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}
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status = read_interrupt_status_reg();
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/************************ start note *********************************/
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} while (!(status & error) || more_work_to_be_done(status));
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/************************ end note note *********************************/
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return IRQ_HANDLED;
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}
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---------------------------------------------------------------------
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We note several things from above:
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I) Any interrupt source which is caused by arriving packets is now
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turned off when it occurs. Depending on the hardware, there could be
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several reasons that arriving packets would cause interrupts; these are the
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interrupt sources we wish to avoid. The two common ones are a) a packet
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arriving (rxint) b) a packet arriving and finding no DMA buffers available
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(rxnobuff) .
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This means also acknowledge_ints_ASAP() will not clear the status
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register for those two items above; clearing is done in the place where
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proper work is done within NAPI; at the poll() and refill_rx_ring()
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discussed further below.
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netif_rx_schedule_prep() returns 1 if device is in running state and
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gets successfully added to the core poll list. If we get a zero value
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we can _almost_ assume are already added to the list (instead of not running.
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Logic based on the fact that you shouldn't get interrupt if not running)
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We rectify this by disabling rx and rxnobuf interrupts.
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II) that receive_packets(dev) and make_rx_buffs_avail() may have disappeared.
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These functionalities are still around actually......
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infact, receive_packets(dev) is very close to my_poll() and
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make_rx_buffs_avail() is invoked from my_poll()
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4) converting receive_packets() to dev->poll()
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===============================================
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We need to convert the classical D Becker receive_packets(dev) to my_poll()
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First the typical receive_packets() below:
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-------------------------------------------------------------------
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/* this is called by interrupt handler */
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static void receive_packets (struct net_device *dev)
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{
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struct my_private *tp = (struct my_private *)dev->priv;
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rx_ring = tp->rx_ring;
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cur_rx = tp->cur_rx;
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int entry = cur_rx % RX_RING_SIZE;
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int received = 0;
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int rx_work_limit = tp->dirty_rx + RX_RING_SIZE - tp->cur_rx;
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while (rx_ring_not_empty) {
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u32 rx_status;
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unsigned int rx_size;
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unsigned int pkt_size;
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struct sk_buff *skb;
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/* read size+status of next frame from DMA ring buffer */
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/* the number 16 and 4 are just examples */
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rx_status = le32_to_cpu (*(u32 *) (rx_ring + ring_offset));
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rx_size = rx_status >> 16;
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pkt_size = rx_size - 4;
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/* process errors */
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if ((rx_size > (MAX_ETH_FRAME_SIZE+4)) ||
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(!(rx_status & RxStatusOK))) {
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netdrv_rx_err (rx_status, dev, tp, ioaddr);
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return;
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}
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if (--rx_work_limit < 0)
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break;
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/* grab a skb */
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skb = dev_alloc_skb (pkt_size + 2);
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if (skb) {
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.
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.
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netif_rx (skb);
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.
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.
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} else { /* OOM */
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/*seems very driver specific ... some just pass
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whatever is on the ring already. */
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}
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/* move to the next skb on the ring */
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entry = (++tp->cur_rx) % RX_RING_SIZE;
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received++ ;
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}
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/* store current ring pointer state */
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tp->cur_rx = cur_rx;
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/* Refill the Rx ring buffers if they are needed */
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refill_rx_ring();
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.
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.
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}
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-------------------------------------------------------------------
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We change it to a new one below; note the additional parameter in
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the call.
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-------------------------------------------------------------------
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/* this is called by the network core */
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static int my_poll (struct net_device *dev, int *budget)
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{
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struct my_private *tp = (struct my_private *)dev->priv;
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rx_ring = tp->rx_ring;
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cur_rx = tp->cur_rx;
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int entry = cur_rx % RX_BUF_LEN;
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/* maximum packets to send to the stack */
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/************************ note note *********************************/
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int rx_work_limit = dev->quota;
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/************************ end note note *********************************/
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do { // outer beginning loop starts here
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clear_rx_status_register_bit();
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while (rx_ring_not_empty) {
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u32 rx_status;
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unsigned int rx_size;
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unsigned int pkt_size;
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struct sk_buff *skb;
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/* read size+status of next frame from DMA ring buffer */
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/* the number 16 and 4 are just examples */
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rx_status = le32_to_cpu (*(u32 *) (rx_ring + ring_offset));
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rx_size = rx_status >> 16;
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pkt_size = rx_size - 4;
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/* process errors */
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if ((rx_size > (MAX_ETH_FRAME_SIZE+4)) ||
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(!(rx_status & RxStatusOK))) {
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netdrv_rx_err (rx_status, dev, tp, ioaddr);
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return 1;
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}
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/************************ note note *********************************/
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if (--rx_work_limit < 0) { /* we got packets, but no quota */
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/* store current ring pointer state */
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tp->cur_rx = cur_rx;
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/* Refill the Rx ring buffers if they are needed */
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refill_rx_ring(dev);
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goto not_done;
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}
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/********************** end note **********************************/
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/* grab a skb */
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skb = dev_alloc_skb (pkt_size + 2);
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if (skb) {
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.
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.
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/************************ note note *********************************/
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netif_receive_skb (skb);
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/********************** end note **********************************/
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.
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.
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} else { /* OOM */
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/*seems very driver specific ... common is just pass
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whatever is on the ring already. */
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}
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/* move to the next skb on the ring */
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entry = (++tp->cur_rx) % RX_RING_SIZE;
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received++ ;
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}
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/* store current ring pointer state */
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tp->cur_rx = cur_rx;
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/* Refill the Rx ring buffers if they are needed */
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refill_rx_ring(dev);
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/* no packets on ring; but new ones can arrive since we last
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checked */
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status = read_interrupt_status_reg();
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if (rx status is not set) {
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/* If something arrives in this narrow window,
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an interrupt will be generated */
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goto done;
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}
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/* done! at least thats what it looks like ;->
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if new packets came in after our last check on status bits
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they'll be caught by the while check and we go back and clear them
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|
since we havent exceeded our quota */
|
|
} while (rx_status_is_set);
|
|
|
|
done:
|
|
|
|
/************************ note note *********************************/
|
|
dev->quota -= received;
|
|
*budget -= received;
|
|
|
|
/* If RX ring is not full we are out of memory. */
|
|
if (tp->rx_buffers[tp->dirty_rx % RX_RING_SIZE].skb == NULL)
|
|
goto oom;
|
|
|
|
/* we are happy/done, no more packets on ring; put us back
|
|
to where we can start processing interrupts again */
|
|
netif_rx_complete(dev);
|
|
enable_rx_and_rxnobuf_ints();
|
|
|
|
/* The last op happens after poll completion. Which means the following:
|
|
* 1. it can race with disabling irqs in irq handler (which are done to
|
|
* schedule polls)
|
|
* 2. it can race with dis/enabling irqs in other poll threads
|
|
* 3. if an irq raised after the begining of the outer beginning
|
|
* loop(marked in the code above), it will be immediately
|
|
* triggered here.
|
|
*
|
|
* Summarizing: the logic may results in some redundant irqs both
|
|
* due to races in masking and due to too late acking of already
|
|
* processed irqs. The good news: no events are ever lost.
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
return 0; /* done */
|
|
|
|
not_done:
|
|
if (tp->cur_rx - tp->dirty_rx > RX_RING_SIZE/2 ||
|
|
tp->rx_buffers[tp->dirty_rx % RX_RING_SIZE].skb == NULL)
|
|
refill_rx_ring(dev);
|
|
|
|
if (!received) {
|
|
printk("received==0\n");
|
|
received = 1;
|
|
}
|
|
dev->quota -= received;
|
|
*budget -= received;
|
|
return 1; /* not_done */
|
|
|
|
oom:
|
|
/* Start timer, stop polling, but do not enable rx interrupts. */
|
|
start_poll_timer(dev);
|
|
return 0; /* we'll take it from here so tell core "done"*/
|
|
|
|
/************************ End note note *********************************/
|
|
}
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
From above we note that:
|
|
0) rx_work_limit = dev->quota
|
|
1) refill_rx_ring() is in charge of clearing the bit for rxnobuff when
|
|
it does the work.
|
|
2) We have a done and not_done state.
|
|
3) instead of netif_rx() we call netif_receive_skb() to pass the skb.
|
|
4) we have a new way of handling oom condition
|
|
5) A new outer for (;;) loop has been added. This serves the purpose of
|
|
ensuring that if a new packet has come in, after we are all set and done,
|
|
and we have not exceeded our quota that we continue sending packets up.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-----------------------------------------------------------
|
|
Poll timer code will need to do the following:
|
|
|
|
a)
|
|
|
|
if (tp->cur_rx - tp->dirty_rx > RX_RING_SIZE/2 ||
|
|
tp->rx_buffers[tp->dirty_rx % RX_RING_SIZE].skb == NULL)
|
|
refill_rx_ring(dev);
|
|
|
|
/* If RX ring is not full we are still out of memory.
|
|
Restart the timer again. Else we re-add ourselves
|
|
to the master poll list.
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
if (tp->rx_buffers[tp->dirty_rx % RX_RING_SIZE].skb == NULL)
|
|
restart_timer();
|
|
|
|
else netif_rx_schedule(dev); /* we are back on the poll list */
|
|
|
|
5) dev->close() and dev->suspend() issues
|
|
==========================================
|
|
The driver writter neednt worry about this. The top net layer takes
|
|
care of it.
|
|
|
|
6) Adding new Stats to /proc
|
|
=============================
|
|
In order to debug some of the new features, we introduce new stats
|
|
that need to be collected.
|
|
TODO: Fill this later.
|
|
|
|
APPENDIX 1: discussion on using ethernet HW FC
|
|
==============================================
|
|
Most chips with FC only send a pause packet when they run out of Rx buffers.
|
|
Since packets are pulled off the DMA ring by a softirq in NAPI,
|
|
if the system is slow in grabbing them and we have a high input
|
|
rate (faster than the system's capacity to remove packets), then theoretically
|
|
there will only be one rx interrupt for all packets during a given packetstorm.
|
|
Under low load, we might have a single interrupt per packet.
|
|
FC should be programmed to apply in the case when the system cant pull out
|
|
packets fast enough i.e send a pause only when you run out of rx buffers.
|
|
Note FC in itself is a good solution but we have found it to not be
|
|
much of a commodity feature (both in NICs and switches) and hence falls
|
|
under the same category as using NIC based mitigation. Also experiments
|
|
indicate that its much harder to resolve the resource allocation
|
|
issue (aka lazy receiving that NAPI offers) and hence quantify its usefullness
|
|
proved harder. In any case, FC works even better with NAPI but is not
|
|
necessary.
|
|
|
|
|
|
APPENDIX 2: the "rotting packet" race-window avoidance scheme
|
|
=============================================================
|
|
|
|
There are two types of associations seen here
|
|
|
|
1) status/int which honors level triggered IRQ
|
|
|
|
If a status bit for receive or rxnobuff is set and the corresponding
|
|
interrupt-enable bit is not on, then no interrupts will be generated. However,
|
|
as soon as the "interrupt-enable" bit is unmasked, an immediate interrupt is
|
|
generated. [assuming the status bit was not turned off].
|
|
Generally the concept of level triggered IRQs in association with a status and
|
|
interrupt-enable CSR register set is used to avoid the race.
|
|
|
|
If we take the example of the tulip:
|
|
"pending work" is indicated by the status bit(CSR5 in tulip).
|
|
the corresponding interrupt bit (CSR7 in tulip) might be turned off (but
|
|
the CSR5 will continue to be turned on with new packet arrivals even if
|
|
we clear it the first time)
|
|
Very important is the fact that if we turn on the interrupt bit on when
|
|
status is set that an immediate irq is triggered.
|
|
|
|
If we cleared the rx ring and proclaimed there was "no more work
|
|
to be done" and then went on to do a few other things; then when we enable
|
|
interrupts, there is a possibility that a new packet might sneak in during
|
|
this phase. It helps to look at the pseudo code for the tulip poll
|
|
routine:
|
|
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
do {
|
|
ACK;
|
|
while (ring_is_not_empty()) {
|
|
work-work-work
|
|
if quota is exceeded: exit, no touching irq status/mask
|
|
}
|
|
/* No packets, but new can arrive while we are doing this*/
|
|
CSR5 := read
|
|
if (CSR5 is not set) {
|
|
/* If something arrives in this narrow window here,
|
|
* where the comments are ;-> irq will be generated */
|
|
unmask irqs;
|
|
exit poll;
|
|
}
|
|
} while (rx_status_is_set);
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
CSR5 bit of interest is only the rx status.
|
|
If you look at the last if statement:
|
|
you just finished grabbing all the packets from the rx ring .. you check if
|
|
status bit says theres more packets just in ... it says none; you then
|
|
enable rx interrupts again; if a new packet just came in during this check,
|
|
we are counting that CSR5 will be set in that small window of opportunity
|
|
and that by re-enabling interrupts, we would actually triger an interrupt
|
|
to register the new packet for processing.
|
|
|
|
[The above description nay be very verbose, if you have better wording
|
|
that will make this more understandable, please suggest it.]
|
|
|
|
2) non-capable hardware
|
|
|
|
These do not generally respect level triggered IRQs. Normally,
|
|
irqs may be lost while being masked and the only way to leave poll is to do
|
|
a double check for new input after netif_rx_complete() is invoked
|
|
and re-enable polling (after seeing this new input).
|
|
|
|
Sample code:
|
|
|
|
---------
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
restart_poll:
|
|
while (ring_is_not_empty()) {
|
|
work-work-work
|
|
if quota is exceeded: exit, not touching irq status/mask
|
|
}
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
.
|
|
enable_rx_interrupts()
|
|
netif_rx_complete(dev);
|
|
if (ring_has_new_packet() && netif_rx_reschedule(dev, received)) {
|
|
disable_rx_and_rxnobufs()
|
|
goto restart_poll
|
|
} while (rx_status_is_set);
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
Basically netif_rx_complete() removes us from the poll list, but because a
|
|
new packet which will never be caught due to the possibility of a race
|
|
might come in, we attempt to re-add ourselves to the poll list.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
APPENDIX 3: Scheduling issues.
|
|
==============================
|
|
As seen NAPI moves processing to softirq level. Linux uses the ksoftirqd as the
|
|
general solution to schedule softirq's to run before next interrupt and by putting
|
|
them under scheduler control. Also this prevents consecutive softirq's from
|
|
monopolize the CPU. This also have the effect that the priority of ksoftirq needs
|
|
to be considered when running very CPU-intensive applications and networking to
|
|
get the proper balance of softirq/user balance. Increasing ksoftirq priority to 0
|
|
(eventually more) is reported cure problems with low network performance at high
|
|
CPU load.
|
|
|
|
Most used processes in a GIGE router:
|
|
USER PID %CPU %MEM SIZE RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
|
|
root 3 0.2 0.0 0 0 ? RWN Aug 15 602:00 (ksoftirqd_CPU0)
|
|
root 232 0.0 7.9 41400 40884 ? S Aug 15 74:12 gated
|
|
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
relevant sites:
|
|
==================
|
|
ftp://robur.slu.se/pub/Linux/net-development/NAPI/
|
|
|
|
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
TODO: Write net-skeleton.c driver.
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
Authors:
|
|
========
|
|
Alexey Kuznetsov <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>
|
|
Jamal Hadi Salim <hadi@cyberus.ca>
|
|
Robert Olsson <Robert.Olsson@data.slu.se>
|
|
|
|
Acknowledgements:
|
|
================
|
|
People who made this document better:
|
|
|
|
Lennert Buytenhek <buytenh@gnu.org>
|
|
Andrew Morton <akpm@zip.com.au>
|
|
Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
|
|
Donald Becker <becker@scyld.com>
|
|
Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
|