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linux/Documentation/printk-formats.txt

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If variable is of Type, use printk format specifier:
---------------------------------------------------------
int %d or %x
unsigned int %u or %x
long %ld or %lx
unsigned long %lu or %lx
long long %lld or %llx
unsigned long long %llu or %llx
size_t %zu or %zx
ssize_t %zd or %zx
s32 %d or %x
u32 %u or %x
s64 %lld or %llx
u64 %llu or %llx
If <type> is dependent on a config option for its size (e.g., sector_t,
blkcnt_t) or is architecture-dependent for its size (e.g., tcflag_t), use a
format specifier of its largest possible type and explicitly cast to it.
Example:
printk("test: sector number/total blocks: %llu/%llu\n",
(unsigned long long)sector, (unsigned long long)blockcount);
Reminder: sizeof() result is of type size_t.
The kernel's printf does not support %n. For obvious reasons, floating
point formats (%e, %f, %g, %a) are also not recognized. Use of any
unsupported specifier or length qualifier results in a WARN and early
return from vsnprintf.
Raw pointer value SHOULD be printed with %p. The kernel supports
the following extended format specifiers for pointer types:
Symbols/Function Pointers:
%pF versatile_init+0x0/0x110
%pf versatile_init
%pS versatile_init+0x0/0x110
%pSR versatile_init+0x9/0x110
(with __builtin_extract_return_addr() translation)
%ps versatile_init
%pB prev_fn_of_versatile_init+0x88/0x88
For printing symbols and function pointers. The 'S' and 's' specifiers
result in the symbol name with ('S') or without ('s') offsets. Where
this is used on a kernel without KALLSYMS - the symbol address is
printed instead.
The 'B' specifier results in the symbol name with offsets and should be
used when printing stack backtraces. The specifier takes into
consideration the effect of compiler optimisations which may occur
when tail-call's are used and marked with the noreturn GCC attribute.
On ia64, ppc64 and parisc64 architectures function pointers are
actually function descriptors which must first be resolved. The 'F' and
'f' specifiers perform this resolution and then provide the same
functionality as the 'S' and 's' specifiers.
Kernel Pointers:
%pK 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
For printing kernel pointers which should be hidden from unprivileged
users. The behaviour of %pK depends on the kptr_restrict sysctl - see
Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt for more details.
Struct Resources:
%pr [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff flags 0x2200] or
[mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000006fffffff flags 0x2200]
%pR [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff pref] or
[mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000006fffffff pref]
For printing struct resources. The 'R' and 'r' specifiers result in a
printed resource with ('R') or without ('r') a decoded flags member.
Passed by reference.
Physical addresses types phys_addr_t:
%pa[p] 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
For printing a phys_addr_t type (and its derivatives, such as
resource_size_t) which can vary based on build options, regardless of
the width of the CPU data path. Passed by reference.
DMA addresses types dma_addr_t:
%pad 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
For printing a dma_addr_t type which can vary based on build options,
regardless of the width of the CPU data path. Passed by reference.
Raw buffer as an escaped string:
%*pE[achnops]
For printing raw buffer as an escaped string. For the following buffer
1b 62 20 5c 43 07 22 90 0d 5d
few examples show how the conversion would be done (the result string
without surrounding quotes):
%*pE "\eb \C\a"\220\r]"
%*pEhp "\x1bb \C\x07"\x90\x0d]"
%*pEa "\e\142\040\\\103\a\042\220\r\135"
The conversion rules are applied according to an optional combination
of flags (see string_escape_mem() kernel documentation for the
details):
a - ESCAPE_ANY
c - ESCAPE_SPECIAL
h - ESCAPE_HEX
n - ESCAPE_NULL
o - ESCAPE_OCTAL
p - ESCAPE_NP
s - ESCAPE_SPACE
By default ESCAPE_ANY_NP is used.
ESCAPE_ANY_NP is the sane choice for many cases, in particularly for
printing SSIDs.
If field width is omitted the 1 byte only will be escaped.
Raw buffer as a hex string:
%*ph 00 01 02 ... 3f
%*phC 00:01:02: ... :3f
%*phD 00-01-02- ... -3f
%*phN 000102 ... 3f
For printing a small buffers (up to 64 bytes long) as a hex string with
certain separator. For the larger buffers consider to use
print_hex_dump().
MAC/FDDI addresses:
%pM 00:01:02:03:04:05
%pMR 05:04:03:02:01:00
%pMF 00-01-02-03-04-05
%pm 000102030405
%pmR 050403020100
For printing 6-byte MAC/FDDI addresses in hex notation. The 'M' and 'm'
specifiers result in a printed address with ('M') or without ('m') byte
separators. The default byte separator is the colon (':').
Where FDDI addresses are concerned the 'F' specifier can be used after
the 'M' specifier to use dash ('-') separators instead of the default
separator.
For Bluetooth addresses the 'R' specifier shall be used after the 'M'
specifier to use reversed byte order suitable for visual interpretation
of Bluetooth addresses which are in the little endian order.
Passed by reference.
IPv4 addresses:
%pI4 1.2.3.4
%pi4 001.002.003.004
%p[Ii]4[hnbl]
For printing IPv4 dot-separated decimal addresses. The 'I4' and 'i4'
specifiers result in a printed address with ('i4') or without ('I4')
leading zeros.
The additional 'h', 'n', 'b', and 'l' specifiers are used to specify
host, network, big or little endian order addresses respectively. Where
no specifier is provided the default network/big endian order is used.
Passed by reference.
IPv6 addresses:
%pI6 0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008
%pi6 00010002000300040005000600070008
%pI6c 1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8
For printing IPv6 network-order 16-bit hex addresses. The 'I6' and 'i6'
specifiers result in a printed address with ('I6') or without ('i6')
colon-separators. Leading zeros are always used.
The additional 'c' specifier can be used with the 'I' specifier to
print a compressed IPv6 address as described by
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5952
Passed by reference.
lib: vsprintf: add IPv4/v6 generic %p[Ii]S[pfs] format specifier In order to avoid making code that deals with printing both, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, unnecessary complicated as for example ... if (sa.sa_family == AF_INET6) printk("... %pI6 ...", ..sin6_addr); else printk("... %pI4 ...", ..sin_addr.s_addr); ... it would be better to introduce a format specifier that can deal with those kind of situations internally; just as we have a "struct sockaddr" for generic mapping into "struct sockaddr_in" or "struct sockaddr_in6" as e.g. done in "union sctp_addr". Then, we could reduce the above statement into something like: printk("... %pIS ..", &sockaddr); In case our pointer is NULL, pointer() then deals with that already at an earlier point in time internally. While we're at it, support for both %piS/%pIS, where 'S' stands for sockaddr, comes (almost) for free. Additionally to that, postfix specifiers 'p', 'f' and 's' are supported as suggested and initially implemented in 2009 by Joe Perches [1]. Handling of those additional specifiers orientate on the initial RFC that was proposed. Also we support IPv6 compressed format specified by 'c' and various other IPv4 extensions as stated in the documentation part. Likely, there are many other areas than just SCTP in the kernel to make use of this extension as well. [1] http://patchwork.ozlabs.org/patch/31480/ Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <dborkman@redhat.com> CC: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> CC: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-06-28 10:49:39 -07:00
IPv4/IPv6 addresses (generic, with port, flowinfo, scope):
%pIS 1.2.3.4 or 0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008
%piS 001.002.003.004 or 00010002000300040005000600070008
%pISc 1.2.3.4 or 1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8
%pISpc 1.2.3.4:12345 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]:12345
%p[Ii]S[pfschnbl]
For printing an IP address without the need to distinguish whether it's
of type AF_INET or AF_INET6, a pointer to a valid 'struct sockaddr',
specified through 'IS' or 'iS', can be passed to this format specifier.
The additional 'p', 'f', and 's' specifiers are used to specify port
(IPv4, IPv6), flowinfo (IPv6) and scope (IPv6). Ports have a ':' prefix,
flowinfo a '/' and scope a '%', each followed by the actual value.
In case of an IPv6 address the compressed IPv6 address as described by
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5952 is being used if the additional
specifier 'c' is given. The IPv6 address is surrounded by '[', ']' in
case of additional specifiers 'p', 'f' or 's' as suggested by
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-text-addr-representation-07
In case of IPv4 addresses, the additional 'h', 'n', 'b', and 'l'
specifiers can be used as well and are ignored in case of an IPv6
address.
Passed by reference.
lib: vsprintf: add IPv4/v6 generic %p[Ii]S[pfs] format specifier In order to avoid making code that deals with printing both, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, unnecessary complicated as for example ... if (sa.sa_family == AF_INET6) printk("... %pI6 ...", ..sin6_addr); else printk("... %pI4 ...", ..sin_addr.s_addr); ... it would be better to introduce a format specifier that can deal with those kind of situations internally; just as we have a "struct sockaddr" for generic mapping into "struct sockaddr_in" or "struct sockaddr_in6" as e.g. done in "union sctp_addr". Then, we could reduce the above statement into something like: printk("... %pIS ..", &sockaddr); In case our pointer is NULL, pointer() then deals with that already at an earlier point in time internally. While we're at it, support for both %piS/%pIS, where 'S' stands for sockaddr, comes (almost) for free. Additionally to that, postfix specifiers 'p', 'f' and 's' are supported as suggested and initially implemented in 2009 by Joe Perches [1]. Handling of those additional specifiers orientate on the initial RFC that was proposed. Also we support IPv6 compressed format specified by 'c' and various other IPv4 extensions as stated in the documentation part. Likely, there are many other areas than just SCTP in the kernel to make use of this extension as well. [1] http://patchwork.ozlabs.org/patch/31480/ Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <dborkman@redhat.com> CC: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> CC: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-06-28 10:49:39 -07:00
Further examples:
%pISfc 1.2.3.4 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]/123456789
%pISsc 1.2.3.4 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]%1234567890
%pISpfc 1.2.3.4:12345 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]:12345/123456789
UUID/GUID addresses:
%pUb 00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f
%pUB 00010203-0405-0607-0809-0A0B0C0D0E0F
%pUl 03020100-0504-0706-0809-0a0b0c0e0e0f
%pUL 03020100-0504-0706-0809-0A0B0C0E0E0F
For printing 16-byte UUID/GUIDs addresses. The additional 'l', 'L',
'b' and 'B' specifiers are used to specify a little endian order in
lower ('l') or upper case ('L') hex characters - and big endian order
in lower ('b') or upper case ('B') hex characters.
Where no additional specifiers are used the default big endian
order with lower case hex characters will be printed.
Passed by reference.
dentry names:
%pd{,2,3,4}
%pD{,2,3,4}
For printing dentry name; if we race with d_move(), the name might be
a mix of old and new ones, but it won't oops. %pd dentry is a safer
equivalent of %s dentry->d_name.name we used to use, %pd<n> prints
n last components. %pD does the same thing for struct file.
Passed by reference.
block_device names:
%pg sda, sda1 or loop0p1
For printing name of block_device pointers.
struct va_format:
%pV
For printing struct va_format structures. These contain a format string
and va_list as follows:
struct va_format {
const char *fmt;
va_list *va;
};
Implements a "recursive vsnprintf".
Do not use this feature without some mechanism to verify the
correctness of the format string and va_list arguments.
Passed by reference.
struct clk:
%pC pll1
%pCn pll1
%pCr 1560000000
For printing struct clk structures. '%pC' and '%pCn' print the name
(Common Clock Framework) or address (legacy clock framework) of the
structure; '%pCr' prints the current clock rate.
Passed by reference.
bitmap and its derivatives such as cpumask and nodemask:
%*pb 0779
%*pbl 0,3-6,8-10
For printing bitmap and its derivatives such as cpumask and nodemask,
%*pb output the bitmap with field width as the number of bits and %*pbl
output the bitmap as range list with field width as the number of bits.
The documentation tree update for 4.1. Numerous fixes, the overdue removal of the i2o docs, some new Chinese translations, and, hopefully, the README fix that will end the flow of identical patches to that file. -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1 iQIcBAABAgAGBQJVMOeZAAoJEI3ONVYwIuV6/1YQAJwcVvd3ow6cMKuf8eRKMgjd crJUdRF9FTwyY21SRHBaonyiKOthnVedOUYnFQ5Z7jbII0EohJ//72nW0pQrHoGi 0avkbM+ZAZzXfd/paOiZ5HtYkc8Bdc70mPU1fzfexnPm/JACOGznxQsob05r6/sT W1GyJcrLlp4uPrba9rhAdGtaa+mEFrt4SVCI+odXOnxQ/KOZSIu1n1F3bSSvL9zV YMBgRrCso+Cdtuhe4N3O1jsVy/hyOnvtqcUgwlD4VzElsshKvxdxHn47yeeWK1qI zZfGTv+q5QI/eZgIhBIrBpdCafgLipAmNZhX+M76xeNydhfhp60VizRgKfb6JiW1 M+nLSnv2vxh4wgkJs7yWgW+8TJ0eCF/w2P/mBi6hDXuIul9gwgmNk+EZ7LONSh+2 l3PV/dyswNs04qbYgFt2rygsxcg79RRbD54zi+S/3NU38/gh7nlidASKmNu1boG/ KdZx3F0rmX/xQu4aQ5nIQl2N7sVLkEec+oN+ukQGyBTLVHkfAK06Z4EWUeYmmBKh M6gqRY5XJMtCm8D5bons/yZmwmpdZFZMxFGJ4enUwrfsJ8FQ8qy/KmFqF8SojGWQ HYs4ZUptz6SYa7K0Txe/q0pkrW+doy7t/Bz+JBNNdG7eLeHIpKhSqSlLIdB7MRKw NFA8a4PdgdMpf+Zr4bRy =LDbk -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- Merge tag 'docs-for-linus' of git://git.lwn.net/linux-2.6 Pull documentation updates from Jonathan Corbet: "Numerous fixes, the overdue removal of the i2o docs, some new Chinese translations, and, hopefully, the README fix that will end the flow of identical patches to that file" * tag 'docs-for-linus' of git://git.lwn.net/linux-2.6: (34 commits) Documentation/memcg: update memcg/kmem status Documentation: blackfin: Makefile: Typo building issue Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt: correct location of page-types tool Documentation/memory-barriers.txt: typo fix doc: Add guest_nice column to example output of `cat /proc/stat' Documentation/kernel-parameters: Move "eagerfpu" to its right place Documentation: gpio: Update ACPI part of the document to mention _DSD docs/completion.txt: Various tweaks and corrections doc: completion: context, scope and language fixes Documentation:Update Documentation/zh_CN/arm64/memory.txt Documentation:Update Documentation/zh_CN/arm64/booting.txt Documentation: Chinese translation of arm64/legacy_instructions.txt DocBook media: fix broken EIA hyperlink Documentation: tweak the maintainers entry README: Change gzip/bzip2 to xz compression format README: Update version number reference doc:pci: Fix typo in Documentation/PCI Documentation: drm: Use '->' when describing access through pointers. Documentation: Remove mentioning of block barriers Documentation/email-clients.txt: Fix one grammar mistake, add extra info about TB ...
2015-04-18 08:10:49 -07:00
Passed by reference.
mm, printk: introduce new format string for flags In mm we use several kinds of flags bitfields that are sometimes printed for debugging purposes, or exported to userspace via sysfs. To make them easier to interpret independently on kernel version and config, we want to dump also the symbolic flag names. So far this has been done with repeated calls to pr_cont(), which is unreliable on SMP, and not usable for e.g. sysfs export. To get a more reliable and universal solution, this patch extends printk() format string for pointers to handle the page flags (%pGp), gfp_flags (%pGg) and vma flags (%pGv). Existing users of dump_flag_names() are converted and simplified. It would be possible to pass flags by value instead of pointer, but the %p format string for pointers already has extensions for various kernel structures, so it's a good fit, and the extra indirection in a non-critical path is negligible. [linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk: lots of good implementation suggestions] Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk> Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com> Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-03-15 14:55:56 -07:00
Flags bitfields such as page flags, gfp_flags:
%pGp referenced|uptodate|lru|active|private
%pGg GFP_USER|GFP_DMA32|GFP_NOWARN
%pGv read|exec|mayread|maywrite|mayexec|denywrite
For printing flags bitfields as a collection of symbolic constants that
would construct the value. The type of flags is given by the third
character. Currently supported are [p]age flags, [v]ma_flags (both
expect unsigned long *) and [g]fp_flags (expects gfp_t *). The flag
names and print order depends on the particular type.
Note that this format should not be used directly in TP_printk() part
of a tracepoint. Instead, use the show_*_flags() functions from
<trace/events/mmflags.h>.
Passed by reference.
Network device features:
%pNF 0x000000000000c000
For printing netdev_features_t.
Passed by reference.
If you add other %p extensions, please extend lib/test_printf.c with
one or more test cases, if at all feasible.
Thank you for your cooperation and attention.
By Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org> and
Andrew Murray <amurray@mpc-data.co.uk>